Review for the

Licensure Examination
for Teachers
AREA: ENGLISH
 COMPETENCIES TO BE
TESTED FOR ENGLISH
O Use English language correctly
O Communicate in English
effectively
O Comprehend written texts
O Interpret messages of and derive
lessons from literary pieces (Focus
of the Review)
“Think BIG , but
start small and
keep going…”
Literature
 THE IMPORTANCE OF
LEARNING
LITERATURE

 Reading /learning literature improves

our Language proficiency
 Reading/learning literature enhances our
understanding about culture of others.
 Reading/learning literature gives us a
valuable chance to explore the nature of
human being
 THE IMPORTANCE OF
LEARNING
LITERATURE

 Reading /learning literature makes us

human
 Reading or learning literature shapes our
goal and values by clarifying our own
identity both positively and negatively
 Reading/learning literature helps us grow
personally and intellectually
 LITERATURE
GENRES

Examples:
 Open form  News
 Made of and close Examples:  Reports
dialog and form  Myths  Journals
set direction  Relies on  Fables  Articles
 Designed to imagery,  Novels  Essays
figurative  Textbooks
be  Short Stories
language and  Biographies
performed sounds  Etc.
 DRAMA

O Drama is a story written to be

performed by actors. Although
a drama is meant to be
performed, one can also read
the script, or written version,
and imagine the action.
 POETRY

DEFINITION

O Poetry is language KINDS OF

written with POETRY/POEM
rhythm, figurative
language, imagery, O Concrete poem
sound devices and O Narrative Poem
emotionally charged
language. O Lyric Poem
 Some Elements of Poetry
O Length
O Visual impressions
O Concentrated, intense language
that makes deliberate sound
effects which can involve
rhythm, rhyme, or other sounds
 Some Elements of Poetry
O Written in lines and stanzas
rather than sentences or
paragraphs
O (Deeper) Meaning is gleaned
from understanding the use of
metaphor, symbol, imagery, etc.
 KINDS OF
POETRY
CONCRETE NARRATIVE
LYRIC POEM
POEMS POEM
o Concrete Poem is .
one with a shape o Narrative Poem
that suggests its is a story told in
subject. verse. Lyric poem is a
o The poet o Narrative poems highly musical
arranges the often have all verse that
letters, the elements of
punctuation, and expresses the
short stories,
lines to create an including observation and
image or picture, characters, feelings of a
on the page.
conflict, and plot single speaker.
O Fixed or free form
O Fixed form is a poem that may be
categorized by the pattern of its lines,
meter, rhythm, or stanzas; a style of
poetry that has set rules. Ex: sonnet,
villanelle, limerick
 Types of Poems:
O FIXED FORM POEMS
O Sonnet
O 14-line poem with specific rhyme scheme
O English (a.k.a. Shakespearean)
O ababcdcdefefgg (three quartrains and a
couplet)
O Italian (a.k.a. Petrarchan)
O abbaabbacdecde (octet, sestet, volta is
between lines 8 and 9)
 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (Sonnet 18)
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,
When in eternal lines to Time thou grow'st.
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
 Types of Poems
FIXED FORM POEMS
 Haiku – Japanese poem with 17 syllables -- first line has 5,
second has 7, last line has 5.
 It combines form, content, and language in a meaningful, yet
compact form
 Haiku doesn't rhyme. A Haiku must "paint" a mental image in
the reader's mind.

A Rainbow by Donna Brock

Curving up, then down.

Meeting blue sky and green earth
Melding sun and rain.
 Types of Poems
 FIXED FORM POEMS
 Cinquain: a poem with five lines
 Line 1 is one word (the title)
Line 2 is two words that describe the title.
Line 3 is three words that tell the action
Line 4 is four words that express the feeling
Line 5 is one word that recalls the title

Tree
Strong, Tall
Swaying, swinging, sighing
Memories of summer
Oak
 FIXED FORM POEMS
O Villanelle - 19 lines long, but only
uses two rhymes, while also
repeating two lines throughout the
poem. The first five stanzas are
triplets, and the last stanza is a
quatrain such that the rhyme
scheme is as follows: "aba aba aba
aba aba abaa.”.
 FIXED FORM POEMS
O Villanelle - The tricky part is that
the 1st and 3rd lines from the first
stanza are alternately repeated
such that the 1st line becomes the
last line in the second stanza, and
the 3rd line becomes the last line in
the third stanza.
 FIXED FORM POEMS
O Villanelle - The last two lines of the
poem are lines 1 and 3 respectively,
making a rhymed couplet.
Confused? A villanelle needs no
particular meter or line length. It is
terribly obsessive and can bring
out the emotions of any neurotic
writer.
 Example of a Villanelle
Do not go gentle into that good night,
“Do Not Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Go Gentle Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Into That
Though wise men at their end know dark is right,
Good Because their words had forked no lightning they
Night” Do not go gentle into that good night,

By Dylan Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright
Thomas Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,

And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,
Do not go gentle into that good night,

Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight

Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

And you, my father, there on the sad height,

Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
O Free Form is a poem that has
neither regular rhyme nor
regular meter. Free verse
often uses cadences rather
than uniform metrical feet.
 Freeform Poetry
Dramatic Monologue: a poem
in which a single speaker who
is not the poet utters the entire
poem at a critical moment.
 Freeform Poetry
Dramatic Monologue: The speaker has
a listener within the poem, but we too
are his/her listener, and we learn about
the speaker's character from what the
speaker says. In fact, the speaker may
reveal unintentionally certain aspects of
his/her character.
 Freeform Poetry
Ode: usually a lyric poem of moderate
length, with a serious subject, an
elevated style, and an elaborate
stanza pattern. There are various
kinds of odes. The ode often praises
people, the arts of music and poetry,
natural scenes, or abstract concepts.
 Other Types of Poetry
O Elegy: a sad and
thoughtful poem
lamenting the death of a
person.
 Other Types of Poetry
O Limerick: short sometimes bawdy,
humorous poems consisting of
five anapestic lines. Lines 1, 2,
and 5 of a limerick have seven to
ten syllables and rhyme with one
another. Lines 3 and 4 have five to
seven syllables and also rhyme
with each other.
 Example of Limerick

There was an Old Person whose habits,

Induced him to feed upon rabbits;
When he'd eaten eighteen,
He turned perfectly green,
Upon which he relinquished those habits.

http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/examples-of-limericks.htm
 Concrete Poetry
Concrete Poetry uses word
arrangement, typeface, color or
other visual effects to
complement or dramatize the
meaning of the words used.
Example of Concrete Poem
 Bird #3
by Don J. Carlson
 Poe's
raven told
him nothing nevermore
and Vincent's circling
crows were a threat to destroy
sunlight. Now I saw a bird, black with a
yellow
beak, orange rubber legs
pecking to kill the
lawn, storm bird
hates with claw,
evil beak,
s
u
n
and eye
From Wright Flyer Online
Example #2:

by Michael P. Garofalo
 Epic Poetry
An Epic Poem is a long story
told in verse which tells the
great deeds of a hero.

Example:
The Odyssey
by Homer
 Narrative Poetry
Narrative Poem is a poem
that tells a story.
Example:
T’was the Night Before Christmas
by Clement C. Moore
 Verse Fable
Verse Fable is a brief story told
in verse that illustrates a moral
and features human-like
animals, plants, objects, or
forces of nature.
A Boy Cries Wolf
Example:
Once there was a foolish boy
Whose job it was to guard some sheep
In case a hungry wolf might come
To pounce upon them in their sleep.
The owners told him: If a wolf
Should come, be sure to give a cry
So we can come and save the sheep
And give that wolf a swift goodbye.
The foolish boy grew bored one night,
And cried out Wolf! Wolf! just for jokes,
And farmers came from far and wide,
But left disgusted by his hoax.
But then at midnight that boy spied
A savage wolf about to strike,
Wolf! Wolf! he screamed, but no one came
And sheep and shepherd died alike.

MORAL: Those who enjoy making fools of others often make

fools of themselves.

from the book Aesop's Best: 80 Fables in Verse by William Cleary

 Lyric Poetry
Lyric Poetry portrays the
poet's own feelings, states of
mind, ideas, and
perceptions.
 Acrostic poetry
Acrostic poems use letter
patterns to create multiple
messages
Example:
When the first letters of lines
read downward form a separate
phrase or word.
 Example
Energetic
Rowdy
Irritating
Clown
Subject matter can cover the
intellectually safe or the
profane; the marginal or
society…
 Subject Matter of Poems
 Love Poem, Political Poem,
Metaphysical Poem, Confessional
Poem
 Elegy (poem that reflects on death
or solemn themes)
 Epithalamion (poem that praises a
wedding)
 Subject Matter of Poems
 Proverb (a poem that imparts
wisdom, learning, and aid memory)
 Found poem (poems that are
discovered in everyday life)
 Pun (word play, humor, or
cleverness--“Pasteurize: Too far to
see.”)
 Subject Matter of Poems
 Epigram (short, witty, concise
saying—can be sarcastic or parodic,
about a person or an idea— “Swans
sing before they die--'twere no bad
thing / should certain people die
before they sing!”)
Poetic Structures
 Iambic Foot
An iambic foot is an
unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed
syllable .
 Example:
We could write the rhythm
like this:

da DUM
 Meter
Meter is the pattern of
rhythm established for a
verse.
 Rhythm
Rhythm is the actual
sound that results from a
line of poetry.
 Iambic Pentameter
Iambic Pentameter is a
line of poetry with five
iambic feet in a row This
is the most common
meter in English poetry.
 Example:
O Example of Iambic pentameter Literary Term - Excerpt
O Paradise Lost by John Milton: Chapter 1 - Book 1

O Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing, Heavenly Muse, that, on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed
In the beginning how the heavens and earth
Rose out of Chaos: or, if Sion hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed
Fast by the oracle of God, I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
 Rhyme
Rhyme is the placement
of identical or similar
sounds at the ends of
lines or at predictable
locations within lines.
 Lines

Poetry is separated into lines

on a page. Lines may be
based on the number of
metrical feet, or may stress
a rhyme pattern at the ends
of lines.
 Stanza
Stanzas are groups of lines in a poem which
are named by the number of lines included.

Two lines is a couplet.

Three lines is a triplet or tercet.
Four lines is a quatrain.
Five lines is a quintain or cinquain.
Six lines is a sestet.
Eight lines is an octet.
 PROSE

DEFINITION
KINDS OF PROSE
O PROSE is the ordinary .
form of written language.
o Fiction
O Prose imitates the o Non Fiction
spoken language.
 KINDS OF PROSE

FICTION
NON FICTION
Examples:
O Short Stories Examples:
O Legend  Report
O Fairy Tales Letters  Personal Narrative
O Folk Tales Memoirs
 Memoirs
O Novels
O Short Stories  Letter
O Fables  Article
O Myth  Journal
O Etc.  Biographies
 ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY
The short story emerges from the
writer’s careful manipulation of various
formal elements, which will usually
include:
O Plot (Action and Conflict)
O Characterization
O Setting (Time and Place)
O Point of View
 ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY
The short story emerges from the
writer’s careful manipulation of
various formal elements, which will
usually include:
O Tone
O Symbolism
O Theme
O Language
 The Plot
The plot is the action or events of a story, arranged
in a meaningful way. There are usually the
following stages in the development of the plot:

O Exposition: The situation is established. This

includes information about the background of the
story, the introduction of characters, the
description of the setting and the establishment
of atmosphere.
 The Plot
O Conflict: This is the central action, also
known as “the complication”. This conflict
usually leads to the climax (high-point of
intensity of feeling or action) of the story.
O Denouement: The end of the story – the
outcome of the conflict, also known as the
resolution.
THE PLOT IN A SHORT STORY
 Characters in short stories
Broadly speaking, there are two types of
characters:

(a)The developing character: This kind of

character undergoes a process in which
his attitudes and beliefs are CHANGED.
(Rounded character.)
(b)The static character:
This kind of character does NOT change.
(Flat character.)
 The setting (time and place)
Functions of the Setting:

1. Contributes to theme
2. Creates atmosphere and tone
3. Helps to unfold the action and conflict
4. Contributes to our understanding of
characters
(The setting may be part of the exposition,
or may be spread throughout the story.)
 Point of view

O Omniscient (all-knowing)
O First person narrator
O Dramatic
O Limited third person
Omniscient point of view
O There is an all-knowing presence in the
story who has access to the thoughts of
all the characters.
O This point of view is God-like.
 FIRST PERSON NARRATOR

O This is when the story is told by a

character IN the story.
O The first person narrator may or may not
be central to the action.
O The first person may be the protagonist or
a secondary character who is peripheral
to the main action.
O The personal pronoun “I” is used
 Dramatic point of view
O There is no overt interpretation of the thoughts
or actions of any of the characters, only the
description and presentation of them.
O In these kinds of stories, the narrator doesn’t
“pick sides”.
O The reader has to form his/her own opinion of
the characters.
Limited third person point of
view
O In this kind of story the reader is only
presented with the thoughts, feelings and
experiences of ONE of the characters in the
story.
O The personal pronoun “he” or “she” is used.
O The narrator confines himself to what this
single character experiences.
SYMBOLISM
A symbol is an object, action, or idea
that represents something other than
itself, often of a more abstract nature.
Symbolism creates quality aspects
that make literature like poetry and
novels more meaningful.
 THEME
The theme is the main idea that the writer
is trying to put across to the reader.
It runs through the whole story and is the
important aspect that UNIFIES the story.
The THEME is the general SUBJECT of the
story.
 STYLE
Style in literature is the literary element
that describes the ways that the author
uses words — the author's word choice,
sentence structure, figurative language,
and sentence arrangement all work
together to establish mood, images, and
meaning in the text. Style describes how
the author describes events, objects,
and ideas.
Philippine Literature
Pre-Colonial
Period
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

A. Characteristics
1. (--BC to 1564)
2.Based on oral traditions
3.Crude on ideology and
phraseology
Early Filipino literature consists of:
Salawikain
Bugtong
Sayings
Proverbs
Legends
Folk tales
Epic
 I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
B. Literary Forms
1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles(bugtong)– battle of wits among
participants
b.Proverbs(salawikain)– wise sayings
c.Tanaga- expresses insights and lessons
on life
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
2. Folk Songs
It is a form of folk lyric which
expresses the hopes and aspirations,
the people's lifestyles as well as their
love ones.
These are often repetitive and
sonorous, didactic and naïve.
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
3. Folk Tales
a. Myths – explain how the world was created,
how certain animals possess certain
characteristics, why some places have waterfalls,
volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna

b. Legends – explain the origin of things. “Why

the Pineapple Has Eyes” “The Legend of Maria
Makiling”
 I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
3. Folk Tales
c. Fables – used animal characters
d.Fantastic stories – deal with
underworld characters such as
“tiyanak”,“aswang”, “kapre” and
others
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
3. Folk Tales
a. Myths – explain how the world was
created, how certain animals possess
certain characteristics, why some
places have waterfalls, volcanoes,
mountains, flora or fauna
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
4. Epics
These are “narratives of
sustained length based on
oral tradition revolving around
supernatural events or heroic
deeds” (Arsenio Manuel).
SPANISH
COLONIZA
TION
PERIOD
 II.SPANISH COLONIZATION
PERIOD
A. Characteristics
1. (1565 – 1863)
2.It has two distinct classifications:
religious and secular
3.It introduced Spanish as the medium
of communication
Spanish Period ( 1565-1898)
The coming of Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi in the Philippines in 1565
marked the start of more than 300
years of colonization; in the same
manner that the stay of Fray Andres
Urdaneta started the evangelization of
our country.
There were several changes brought about
by the Spanish colonization specifically in
literature.
The Filipino alphabet was replaced by
the Roman alphabet.
Teaching of Christian Doctrine was the
basic religious practices.
Spanish language became the literary
language but not the medium of
communication.
Only informers and interpreters were
allowed to use Spanish.
European legends and traditions were
assimilated to the Filipino literature.
Ancient literature were collected and
translated to dialects.
Periodicals were of religious tone.
 Doctrina Christiana en Lengua
espanola y tagalog - was the first
book printed .It was authored by Fr.
Juan de Plasencia.
Poetry continued to be the
most popular vehicle for literary
expression during the Spanish time
though they were church oriented.
 Different literary
forms of the time
were:
Marian Hymns - songs
dedicated to Virgin
Pasyon - the verse
narrative of the sufferings
and death of Christ.
Panunuluyan - a play that
dramatized Joseph’s and
Mary’s search for lodging.
Cenaculo - dramatization of
the passion and death of
Jesus Christ.
Salubong - meeting of
the Risen Christ and His
mother.
Moriones - chase of
Longinus by the Roman
soldiers .
Tibag - Queen Elena’s
search for the cross on
which Christ died.
Pangangaluluwa - souls
in purgatory are released
on the night of All Saints’
Day.
Karagatan - the throwing
of the ring of a maiden to
the sea
Duplo - a long poetic
joust reasoning between
bilyakas and bilyakos.
Balagtasan - contest of
skills in debate using
verses.
Shadow Play - dramatic
entertainment presented
outdoors.
Comedia - a play that
demonstrates the victory of
Christians over Muslims.
Sainete - short dramatic
form used between acts of
longer plays.
Awit - a dodecasyllabic verses
which are fabricated stories from
writer’s imagination done by
chanting. (Florante at Laura).
Corrido - an octosyllabic verse
usually on stories from European
countries being narrated. (Ibong
Adarna).
 Period
of
Emerging National
Consciousness
 The execution of GOMBURZA
after Fr. Pedro Pelaez’ death , and
the coming of the liberal-minded
Spanish Governor Gov. Carlos Ma.
Dela Torre transformed the
Filipinos from religious spirit to
nationalism.
The propaganda movement came
into existence.
 Marcelo del Pilar wrote satire like
Caiingat Cayo and Hikbi ng
Pilipinas Ynang Espanya which
caused Andres Bonifacio to write a
part of the triad in his Katapusang
Hikbi ng Pilipinas.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena left the
editorship of La Solidaridad and
wrote Fray Botod.
 III.
NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONA
RY PERIOD

A. Characteristics
1.(1864 – 1896)
2.Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos.
3.Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog.
4.Addressed the masses instead of the
“intelligentsia”.
 III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature
reformatory in objective.
a. Political Essays – satires,
editorials and news articles were written to
attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule.
b. Political Novels
III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

B. Literary Forms
2. Revolutionary Literature
a. Political Essays – helped
inflame the spirit of revolution.
 The
Revolutionary
Period
 The period had 2 phases: the
revolution against Spain where writings
were in Tagalog written mostly by
Bonifacio and Jacinto.
The second phase was the revolution
during the Philippine-American War
where serious plays appeared mostly
written by the brains of the
revolutions.
Apolinario Mabini.
Literature during
the American
Regime
 Nationalistic spirit flourished
together with mass education
and literature was adopted after
American writers such as Patrick
Henry, Thomas Paine, and
Thomas Jefferson.
 In 1900, President Mc Kinley’s
instructions made English the
official language of the country.
In 1901 American teachers arrived
and in the same year, the Philippine
Normal School was founded with
English as medium of instruction.
By 1905, the Philippine Free Press
was published as a bilingual
weekly. In 1908 U.P was founded
to vie with the elite private
schools. By 1930’s Filipino writers
have mastered English writing.
Recognized abroad were Carlos
Bulosan, and Jose Garcia Villa.
The Zobel Prize was founded
in 1921 by Don Enrique
Zobel de Ayala for the best
works in Spanish but it didn’t
last long because of lack of
entries.
IV.AMERICAN COLONIAL
PERIOD
A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-
1930)
1.Filipino Writers imitated English
and American models.
2.Poems written were amateurish
and mushy, which phrasing and
diction is awkward and artificial.
IV.AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

B. Period of Emergence
(1920-1930)
1. Highly influenced
by Western literary trends like
Romanticism and Realism.
a. Short Stories most prevalent
literary form.
Vernacular
Literature
 The compulsory study of
Tagalog-based national language
in schools, widespread circulation
of Tagalog reading materials,
Tagalog plays aired over the radio
or television made possible the
flourishing of vernacular
literature.
Zarzuela is a musical comedy usually
of three or more acts. Its name was
taken from the lodge where King
Philip IV watched the play. Later on,
Zarzuela was turned into the
vernacular which ended the existence
of comedia. Severino Reyes (Lola
Basyang) wrote Walang Sugat to
prove that zarzuela was a better kind
of play.
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
A. War Years (1942-1944)
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the
Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in
simple language and free verse.
2.Fiction prevailed over poetry
a.25 Pinakamabuting Maikling
Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation
of the short story contest by
the military government
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
B.Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-
1960)
1.Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama
and essay.
2.Filipino writers mastered English and
familiarized themselves with diverse
techniques.
3.Literary “giants” appeared.
Theater during
the Japanese
Occupation
 The Japanese occupation was a great
period for Tagalog Theater. It enjoyed
renaissance for the following reasons:
1) American movies were banned
2) Writing in English was discouraged
3) There was a difficulty in securing
materials for movie making.
 Period of
Emergence and
Recognition
 The period covers the
commonwealth, Japanese
occupation and the grant of
independence in 1946.The
government through the
Republic Heritage Awards gave
recognition.
 The Commonwealth Literary
Awards. Winners were:
Essay: Salvador Lopez
Short Story: Manuel Arguilla
Estrella Alfon
Novel: Juan C. Laya
NVM Gonzales
Poetry: Rafael Zulueta da Costa
Jose Garcia Villa
 The reestablishment of
Commonwealth
Government meant the
resumption of publications
such as College journals.
They provided outlets for
young writers.
CONTEMPORARY/MODER
N PERIOD
VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN
PERIOD
(1960 – PRESENT)
A. Characteristics
1.Martial Law repressed
and curtailed human rights,
including freedom of the press.
2.Writers used symbolisms and
allegories to drive home their message,
at the face of heavy censorship.
VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN
PERIOD
(1960 – PRESENT)
3.Theater was used as a vehicle for
protest, such as the PETA (Phil.
Educational Theater Association)
and UP Theater.
4.From the eighties onwards, writers
continue to show dynamism and
innovation.
Modern Period
 From 1960’s novel writers known in
the country were NVM Gonzales,
Celso Carunungan, Francisco Sionil
Jose, Kerima Polatan Tuviera,
Bienvenido Santos. Essayists were
Francisco Arcellana, Renato
Constantino, Ramon Guererro Nakpil,
Alfredo Roces and Leopoldo Yabes.
Period of New
Society
(1972-1980)
 The Period of the new society
started on September 21, 1972.
Military government established a
new office called the Ministry of
Public Affairs that supervised the
newspaper, books, and other
publications.
 Singing both English and Filipino
songs received fresh incentives.

Kislap and Liwayway helped in the

development of literature.

Theaters were rebuilt.

Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino was

held yearly.
 Period of the
Third Republic
(1981-1985)
 On January 2, 1981, after 10
years, Martial Rule was lifted
and the Third Republic started.
Despite the problems, Philippine
Literature continued to shine.
Thus, the Carlos Palanca Award
granted prizes to deserving
literary works.
 Poetry was romantic and
revolutionary so that
language of literature was
colorful yet violent and
insulting.
Famous Filipino Literary
Pieces and Authors
Modesto de Castro
Urbana at Feliza
Gaspar Aquino de Belen

- the most gifted among the

Ladinos.

- he wrote the Mahal na Pasion ni

Jesu Christo, a Tagalog poem based on
Christ's passion, was published in
1704.
O Printing overtook the oral
tradition, and it set for the
development of prose.

O The first Filipino novel was

"Ninay," written in Spanish by
Pedro Paterno.
Fransisco Baltazar (1788-1862), popularly
called Balagtas, is the acknowledged
master of traditional Tagalog poetry.

His narrative poem, "Florante at Laura,”

written in sublime Tagalog, is about
tyranny in Albanya, but it is also perceived
to be about the tyranny in his Filipino
homeland.
OJose Rizal (1861-1896), our
National Hero, chose the realistic
novel as his medium.
O Rizal's two novels, "Noli Me Tangere"
and its sequel, "El Filibusterismo“,
chronicle the life and ultimate death
of Ibarra, a Filipino educated in
abroad, who attempts to reform his
country through education
Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897)
and his closest aide, Emilio
Jacinto (1875-1899). Both were
writers and social critics who
were profoundly influenced by
the liberal ideas of the French
enlightenment.
Gregoria de Jesus, wife
of Andres Bonifacio,
wrote notable Tagalog
poetry.
In Vigan of the Ilocano North,
Leona Florentino, by her
poetry, became the foremost
Ilocano writer of her time.
WORLD LITERATURE
Figures of Speech
METAPHOR: A Metaphor is a comparison without the use of
“as”
or “like”.
SIMILE: A simile is a direct comparison that always
contains the
Words “as” or “like”.
HYPERBOLE: is an over-exaggeration, not meant to be
taken
literally. It is to emphasise a point.
ALLITERATION: Alliteration is the repetition of consonant
sound at the beginning of words.
ASSONANCE: Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds.
Either
At the beginning or middle of a word.
IRONY: Irony implies the opposite of what is being said.
Opposite of what is being said is meant to be understood.
ONOMATOPOEIA: Onomatopoeia uses words that
Imitate and reproduce real life sounds.
PERSONIFICATION: gives human qualities to inanimate
Objects and abstract ideas.
PUN: is a clever play on words that are alike in sound but
different in meaning.
ANTI-CLIMAX: is a build up of ideas but the final
Statement is often flat and unexpected.
SARCASM: sarcasm is very similar to Irony in that the
opposite of what is being said is intended, however with the
purpose of being hurtful.
 Common patterns for similes,
with example sentences, are:

Something [is*] AS adjective AS something

O His skin was as cold as ice.
O It felt as hard as rock.
O She looked as gentle as a lamb.
something [is*] LIKE something
O My love is like a red, red rose.
O These cookies taste like garbage.
O He had a temper (that was) like a volcano

something [does**] LIKE something

O He eats like a pig.
O He smokes like a chimney.
O They fought like cats and dogs.
 Metaphor
And all the men and women merely
players
They have their exits and their
entrances
William Shakespeare
A metaphor is a figure of speech
that says that one thing is
another different thing. This
allows us to use fewer words and
forces the reader or listener to
find the similarities.
 The simplest form of
metaphor is: "The [first thing]
is a [second thing]."

O Her home was a prison.

O George is a sheep.
 Hyperbole
Give me a thousand kisses, then a
hundred,
Then another thousand, then a second
hundred,
Then still another thousand, then a
hundred
Catullus
Hyperbole is a figure of speech that
uses an exaggerated or extravagant
statement to create a strong
emotional response. As a figure of
speech it is not intended to be
taken literally. Hyperbole is
frequently used for humor.
O Examples of hyperbole are:

O They ran like greased lightning.

O He's got tons of money.
O Her brain is the size of a pea.
O He is older than the hills.
O I will die if she asks me to dance.
O She is as big as an elephant!
O I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
O I have told you a million times not to lie!
O We use figures of speech in "figurative
language" to add color and interest,
and to awaken the imagination.
Figurative language is everywhere,
from classical works like Shakespeare
or the Bible, to everyday speech, pop
music and television commercials. It
makes the reader or listener use their
imagination and understand much
more than the plain words.
World’s Greatest Literary
Pieces
The Bible
The Writing of the Bible

O The Bible was written over

a 1600 year period by
approximately 40 men.
The time of the writing was
from 1500 BC to AD 100.
 The Divisions of the Bible

O While the Bible is 1 book, it

contain 66 smaller books. The
books of the Old Testament were
written before the birth of Jesus
Christ and the New Testament
covers the life of Christ and
beyond.
 The Writers of the Bible
O While there were at least 40
different people who wrote parts
of the Bible, some were more
prolific than others. The Apostle
Paul wrote at least 13 books of
the Bible. He may have also been
the author of the book of Hebrews.
Moses wrote the first 5 books.
 The Writers of the Bible
The Bible attributes more than
3,000 proverbs to King Solomon.
These are not all written in the book
of Proverbs. However, most of that
book is said to be the proverbs of
Solomon.
164
 The Quran is the central religious text of Islam religion of] It is
widely regarded as the finest piece of literature in Arabic Language. They
consider Quran to be the only book that has been protected by God from
distortion or corruption. Muslims believe that the Quran was verbally
revealed from God to Muhammad through the an Angel Gabriel, gradually
over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December
609 CE when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632 CE, the year of
his death. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was collected by
his companions using written Quranic materials and everything that had
been memorized of the Quran.

It is totally undoubtful to be influential for the 49 Muslim

countries in the world which approximately over 1.6 billion or about 23.4%
of the world’s population in 2010.

Most primarily, their lifestyle and cultural beliefs molds the

community and even the society in which they belong.
165
Greek Literature
Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey

Iliad (Epic)
Odyssey (Epic)
Cupid by Lucius Apuleius
(Myth)
Oedipus the King
Play
Medea by Euripides
Play
Latin Literature
Aenid by Virgil
Epic Poem
Italian Literature
 Divine Comedy
by Dante Alighieri
Epic Poem
Griselda – from Dacameron
by Giovanni Boccacio
Short Story
The Prince by Nicollo
Machiavelli
Novel
Spanish Literature
El Cid (anonymous)
Epic Poem
Don Quixote by Miguel de
Cervantes Saavedra
(novel)
French Literature
Song of Roland
(anonymous)
Epic Poem
Les Miserables
by Victor Hugo
Novel
 The Necklace
by Guy de Maupassant
Short Story
Russian Literature
Crime and Punishment by
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Novel
Where Love Is, There God
Is Also by Leo Tolstoy
Short Story
The Lottery Ticket by
Anton Chekhov
Short Story
English Literature
Paradise Lost by John
Milton
Epic Poem
Beowulf (anonymous)
Epic Poem
Shakespearean Sonnets by
William Shakespeare
 Christmas Carol
by Charles Dickens
Novel
A Rose for Emily by
William Faulkner
Short Story
 Of Studies
by Francis Bacon
Essay
American Literature
 Friendship
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
Essay
 Syntax for Cynics – A
Grammar of the Feminine
Language by Christopher
Morley
Essay
 Scarlet Letter
by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Novel
The Cask of Amontillado
by Edgar Allan Poe
Short Story
The Secret Life of Walter
Mitty by James Thurber
Short Story
The Road Not Taken by
Robert Frost
Poem
African Literature
Things Fall Apart by
Chinua Achebe
Novel
Africa My Africa
by David Diop
Poem
Hebrew Literature
Psalms, Proverbs, and
Judges
Arabic Literature
 Arabian Nights
The Story of the Envious
Wezir and the Prince Ghuleh
(Anonymous)
Tale
Indian Literature
Ramayana (anonymous)
Epic Poem
Mahabarata (Anonymous)
Epic Poem
Gitanjali by Rabindranath
Tagore
Poem
Chinese Literature
Analects (teachings) by
Confucious
Realize the Simple Self by
Lao Tzu
Poem
Japanese Literature
November Third by
Miyazawa Kenji
Poem
Other Notable
Masterpieces
 The Birds
by Aristophanes
Plato’s Apology, Protagoras,
& The Republic
Aristotle’s Eudemian Ethics,
Metaphysics, & Nicomachean
Ethics
Saint Augustine's Confessions
and The City of God
Giovanni Boccaccio’s The
Decameron
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury
Tales
Thomas à Kempis’s The
Imitation of Christ
The World’s Greatest
Playwright, William
Shakespeare
Tamburlaine Parts 1 and 2
and Dr. Faustus by
Christopher Marlowe and
Every Man in His Humour
and The Alchemist by Ben
Jonson
Descartes’ Discourse
 John Bunyan’ Pilgrim's
Progress and John Dryden’s All
for Love
 John Locke’s A Letter
Concerning Toleration,
Spinoza’s Ethics
 Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe
Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver's Travels
Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man
Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
Washington Irving’s Alhambra
The Brothers Grimm’s fairy tales
 Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe and
Talisman
James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last
of the Mohicans
Alexandre Dumas’s The Three
Muskeeters, The Count of
Monte Cristo
Charles Darwin’s The Origin of
Species
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin
&
William M. Thackeray’s Vanity Fair
Herman Melville’s Moby Dick
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s
Sherlock Holmes
Charlotte Bronte’s
Jane Eyre
Ivan Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons
Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights
Gustave Flaubert’s
Madame Bovary
Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace,
Anna Karenina
 Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand
Leagues under the Sea
Sir Richard Burton’s Tales from the
Arabian Nights
Lewis Carroll’s Through the
Looking Glass, Alice's
Adventures in Wonderland
Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women
Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn
Guy de Maupassant’s Tales and
The Necklace
Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book
James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as
a Young Man
Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World
John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men
SPEECH AND ORAL
COMMUNICATION
Speech-Producing Mechanism
LL Lips
TT Teeth
TR Alveolar / teeth ridge, convex
part of the mouth, immediately
behind the teeth
H Hard palate, concave part of the
roof of the mouth
S Soft palate in lowered position
U Uvula, the loose hanging end of the
soft palate
P Pharynx
BL Blade of the tongue, including the
tip, the part opposite the teeth ridge
F Front of the tongue, the part
opposite the hard palate
B Back of the tongue, the part opposite
the soft palate
E Epiglottis; this is drawn over the
windpipe when swallowing
W Windpipe
FP Food passage
V Vocal cords or vocal lips
Larynx The upper extremity of
the windpipe (Adam’s apple)
which contains and protects the
vocal cords
The smallest unit of speech sound
is called a phoneme.
One or more phonemes combine
to form a syllable.
One or more syllables combine to
form a word.
Phonemes can be divided into two
groups: vowels and consonants.
Vowels are always voiced. Consonants
may be voiced or unvoiced.
A diphthong is a combination of two
or more vowels into one phoneme.
Consonants may be classified
according to their manner of
articulation as plosive, fricative, nasal,
liquid, and semivowel.
a) A phoneme is the smallest
structural unit in speech that
distinguishes meaning. An
example of a phoneme is the
/t/ sound in the words “tip,”
“stand,” “water,” and “cat.”
 b) A syllable is a unit of
organization for a sequence of
speech sounds. These are
considered the phonological
“building blocks” of words. A
word that consists of a single
syllable (like “cat”) is called a
monosyllable.
 c) A word is a unit of
language that carries
meaning and consists of one
or more morphemes.
Typically a word will consist
of a root or stem and zero
or more affixes.
morpheme—is the smallest linguistic
unit that has semantic meaning. For
example, the word “unbreakable” has
three morphemes: un- (meaning
“not”), -break-, and -able.
affixes—is a morpheme that is
attached to a root to form a word like
the prefix un- and the suffix –able in
“unbreakable.”
d) A vowel is a sound in spoken
language that is characterized by
an open configuration of the
vocal tract so that there is no
build-up of air pressure above
the glottis. A vowel is also
understood to be syllabic and is
usually voiced.
e) A consonant is a sound
that is characterized by a
constriction or
complete/partial closure at
one or more points along
the vocal tract.
 g.) A diphthong is a
monosyllabic vowel
combination involving a quick
but smooth movement or glide
from one vowel to another,
often interpreted by listeners as
a single phoneme.
 PLACE
OF
ARTICULATION
 Dental consonants
occur when you
block airflow by
placing your tongue
against your upper
teeth.
/θ/ as is "thick" and
"bath"
/ð/ as in "the" and
"rather"
 Alveolar consonants
are created when you
raise your tongue to the
alveolar ridge so as to
block airflow.
/n/ as in "no" and
"man"
/t/ as in "tab" and "rat"
/d/ as in "dip" and "bad"
/s/ as in "suit" and "bus"
/z/ as in "zit" and "jazz"
/l/ as in "luck" and "fully"
post-alveolar consonants
are those that occur when
the tongue blocks airflow
at the point just beyond
the alveolar ridge.
/ʃ/ as in "shoot" or
"brash"
/ʒ/ as in "vision" or
"measure"
/tʃ/ as in "chick" or
"match"
/dʒ/ as in "jam" or "badge"
 Palatal consonants
when you raise the
tongue to this point
so as to block
airflow.
English has only one
palatal consonant:

/j/ as in "yes" and

"bayou"
 Velar Consonants are
created when you raise
the back of your tongue
to the velum so as to
block airflow.
/ŋ/ as in "going" and
"uncle"
/k/ as in "kite" and
"back"
/g/ as in "good" and
"bug"
/w/ as in "wet" and
"howard"
 Glottal consonants
aren't really
consonants; they just
play consonant roles in
the language.
/h/ as in "hi" and
"Bahamas". You're not
really blocking airflow
for this /h/ sound,
you're just sort of
exhaling a little bit
harder.
 Manner
of
Articulation
1.) A plosive (or stop) is a
consonant sound
produced by stopping the
airflow in the vocal tract
as in /b/.
 2. ) A fricative is a
consonant sound
produced by forcing air
through a narrow channel
made by placing two
articulators
close together.
 3.) A sibilant is a type of
fricative or affricate
consonant made by directing
a jet of air through a narrow
channel in the vocal tract
towards the sharp edge of
the teeth as in /s/.
 4. ) A nasal is produced when the
velum—that fleshy part of the
palate near the back—is lowered,
allowing air to escape
freely through the nose instead of the
mouth as it is blocked
by the tongue, as in /m/.
5.) A liquid is a consonant
sound that is intermediate
between vowels and typical
consonants and includes
approximants and laterals.
 6.) A semivowel (also
known as a glide) is a
non-syllabic vowel that
form diphthongs with full
syllabic vowels like the
approximants /w/ and
/y/.
 Phonetics is the study of
sounds.
With phonetic transcriptions,
dictionaries tell you about
the
pronunciation of words.
 Front Vowels

IPA ASCII Examples

@ cat, black
e met, bed
i: see, heat
i hit,
sitting
 Back Vowels

a: arm,
father
o: call, four
o hot, rock
u: blue, food
u put, could
Central Vowels

^ cup, luck

.. away,
cinema
e:(r) turn, learn
 Diphthongs

ai five, eye
ei say, eight
oi boy, join
i..(r) near, here
e..(r) where, air
u..(r) pure, tourist

Ou go, home

au now, out
 Plosives

b bad, lab
p pet, map
t tea,
getting
d did, lady
k cat, back
g give, flag
 Fricatives

f find, if
v voice, five
th think,
both
TH this,
mother
 Nasals

m man,
lemon
n no, ten

N sing,
finger
 Sibilants

s sun, miss
S she, crash
z zoo, lazy
Z pleasure,
vision
h how, hello
Affricates

tS check,
church
dZ just, large
Approximants
r red, try

w wet,
window
j yes, yellow
 Laterals

l leg, little
Suprasegmental Phonemes
 STRESS
> degree of prominence a syllable
has.
> For individual words, three stress
phonemes are significant.
primary stress, mid stress, weak
stress
 PITCH LEVELS
> It is relative.
> combine into patterns to
make meaningful melodies
over the whole phrase or
sentence.
 INTONATION
CONTOURS
> Statement or declarative sentence
> Command
> Wh- or information question
> Yes-no question in statement
form
Oral Communication
and
Language Functions
 Group Communication

> Includes Three or More People

> Includes Shared Perception
> Emphasizes Interdependence
> Requires Communication
Public Speaking as Communication

Special Speaker Consideration

Types of Speeches
Informative speech
Persuasive speech
Special Occasion Speeches