Fluid Mechanics CE-206

FLUID MECHANICS I
CE - 206

Lecture 01

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 INTRODUCTION
• Fluid mechanics is the science that deals with the action of
forces on fluids.
• Fluid is a substance
• The particles of which easily move and change position
• That will continuously deform

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 FLUID MECHANICS OVERVIEW

Fluid Mechanics

Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics

F  0i  F  0 , Flows
i

Water, Oils, Stability

Air, He, Ar,
N2, etc. Alcohols, Pressure Buoyancy Compressible/
etc.
Incompressible
Laminar/
Surface
Turbulent
Tension
Steady/Unsteady
Compressibility Density Viscosity Vapor Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Chapter 1: Introduction Fluid Dynamics:
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Rest of Course
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GOALS
The goal is that you will:
1. Have fundamental knowledge of fluids:
2. Know the fundamental laws of mechanics
as applied to fluids.
3. Understand the limitations of theoretical
analysis
4. Be capable of applying the relevant theory
to solve problems.

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STATES OF MATTER
There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.
• Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
• Fluids do not resist a change in shape. Therefore fluids
assume the shape of the container they occupy.
• Liquids may be considered to have a fixed volume and
therefore can have a free surface. Liquids are almost
incompressible.
• Conversely, gases are easily compressed and will expand to
fill a container they occupy.
• We will usually be interested in liquids, either at rest or in
motion.

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOLIDS AND
FLUIDS
• According to our experience: A solid is “hard” and not easily
deformed. A fluid is “soft” and deforms easily.

• Fluid is a substance that alters its shape in response to any

force however small, that tends to flow or to conform to the
outline of its container, and that includes gases and liquids
and mixtures of solids and liquids capable of flow.

• A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously

when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude.

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DEFINITION OF A FLUID

A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of shearing

forces. If a fluid is at rest, we know that the forces on it are
in balance.

A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed. It fills any vessel

in which it is contained.

A liquid is a fluid which is hard to compress. A given mass

of liquid will occupy a fixed volume, irrespective of the size
of the container.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS

Gas or liquid state

“Large” molecular spacing relative to a solid
“Weak” intermolecular cohesive forces
Can not resist a shear stress in a stationary state
Will take the shape of its container
Generally considered a continuum
Viscosity distinguishes different types of fluids
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ARCHIMEDES
The fundamental principles of hydrostatics
were given by Archimedes in his work On
Floating Bodies, around 250 BC. In it,
Archimedes develops the law of buoyancy, also
known as Archimedes' Principle.

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THE ALEXANDRIAN SCHOOL

In the Greek school at Alexandria, which flourished
under the auspices of the Ptolemies, attempts were
made at the construction of hydraulic machinery, and
about 120 BC the fountain of compression, the
siphon, and the forcing-pump were invented by
Ctesibius and Hero.

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MIDDLE AGES

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ISLAMICATE PHYSICISTS

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ISLAMICATE PHYSICISTS
Islamicate scientists, particularly Abu Rayhan Biruni (973–1048) and
later Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130), were the first to apply experimental
scientific methods to fluid mechanics, especially in the field of fluid
statics, such as for determining specific weights
In fluid statics, Biruni discovered that there is a correlation between
the specific gravity of an object and the volume of water it
displaces.
Abu Rayhan Biruni and Al-Khazini

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ISLAMICATE PHYSICISTS
• He also recorded the differences in weight between freshwater and saline
water, and between hot water and cold water.

• During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical

measure, in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air
and the weight of water displaced.

• Al-Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121), invented a

hydrostatic balance

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ISLAMICATE ENGINEERS

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BANU MUSA BROTHERS AND AL- JAZARI

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ISLAMICATE ENGINEERS
In the 9th century, Banu Musa brothers' Book of Ingenious Devices described a
number of early automatic controls in fluid mechanics

According to Donald Routledge Hill, the Banu Musa brothers were "masters
in the exploitation of small variations" in hydrostatic pressures and in using
conical valves as "in-line" components in flow systems, "the first known use of
conical valves as automatic controllers.“

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ISLAMICATE ENGINEERS
In 1206, Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical
Devices described many hydraulic machines. Of particular
importance were his water-raising pumps. The first known use of a
crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines.

Al-Jazari also invented a twin-cylinder reciprocating piston suction

pump, which included the first suction pipes, suction pumping, double-
action pumping, and made early uses of valves and a crankshaft-
connecting rod mechanism

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BRANCHES OF FLUID MECHANICS

Field of Fluid Mechanics can be

divided into 3 branches:
Fluid Statics: mechanics of fluids at
rest
Fluid Kinematics: deals with velocities
and streamlines w/o considering
forces or energy
Fluid Dynamics: deals with the
relations between velocities and
accelerations and forces exerted by
or upon fluids in motion

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 Fluid Statics
Basic Principles:
 Fluid is at rest : no shear forces
 Pressure is the only force acting

What are the forces acting on the

block?
 Air pressure on the surface - neglect
 Weight of the water above the block
 Pressure only a function of depth
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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many areas of engineering
and science. Examples are:
Biomechanics
• Blood flow through arteries
• Flow of cerebral fluid

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Meteorology and Ocean Engineering

• Movements of air currents and water currents

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Chemical Engineering
• Design of chemical processing equipment

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanical Engineering
• Design of pumps
• Turbines

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanical Engineering
• Design of Air-conditioning equipment

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanical Engineering
• Design of pollution-control equipment, etc.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING & FLUID MECHANICS

Why are we studying fluid mechanics in a Civil Engineering
course?
The provision of adequate water services such as the supply
of potable water, drainage, sewerage is essential for the
development of industrial society. It is these services which
civil engineers provide.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

Aziz Ahmad
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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Transport of river
sediments

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Design of piping systems

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Water supply system

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Drainage system

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Flood control systems

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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

• Fluid mechanics is involved in nearly all areas of
Civil Engineering either directly or indirectly.
• Some examples of direct involvement are those where
we are concerned with manipulating the fluid:
• Sea and river (flood) defenses;
• Water distribution / sewerage (sanitation) networks;
• Hydraulic design of water/sewage treatment works;
• Dams;
• Irrigation;
• Pumps and Turbines;
• Water retaining structures.
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SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

• And some examples where the primary object is construction
- yet analysis of the fluid mechanics is essential:
• Flow of air in buildings;
• Flow of air around buildings;
• Bridge piers in rivers;
• Ground-water flow

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It is very likely that during your career as an

engineer you will be involved in the analysis
and design of systems that require a good
understanding of fluid mechanics.

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Although it is not possible to adequately

cover all of the important areas of fluid
mechanics within one book, it is hoped
that this introductory text will provide a
sound foundation of the fundamental
aspects of fluid mechanics
Fluid Mechanics CE-206