PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

EARTH

CORE

MANTLE

CRUST: LAND----GRANITE--LIGHTER

OCEAN---BASALT----- HEAVIER

VOLCANO INFORMS ABOUT INNER EARTH

ROCK TYPES
IGNEOUS : GRANITE (LAND) AND BASALT(OCEAN),
PUMICE (FLOATS)

SEDIMENTARY : CLASTICS (SAND STONE)

SAND SHALE FELDSPAR

BOULDER, COBBLE SAND SHALE SILT

CARBONATE ( LIMESTONE) DOLOMITE (Mg)

METAMORPHIC : SST----QUARZITE, LST----MARBLE,

GRANITE-----GNEISS, SLATE
GEOLOGY
BASINS OF INDIA, MAP OF INDIA
OFFSHORE
MUMBAI HIGH (LIMESTONE)
ONLAND
CAMBAY, KRISNA –GODABARI,
CAUVERY, ASSAM – ARAKAN,
UPPER ASSAM. TRIPURA
MAHANADI, BENGAL BASIN
JWALAMUKHI
IGNEOUS ROCKS HAVE FOUND TO BE RESEVOIR

VIETNAM ( MAXIMUM PRODUCER)

INDIA :

BORHOLLA (ASSAM)

PADRA (ANKLESWAR)

MUMBAI
CONDITIONS FOR OIL/GAS TO BE PRESENT

SOURCE ROCK (DIAGENESIS, CATA, META )

RESERVOIR ROCK (CLASTICS (SS)) AND LIME STONE

SEAL OR CAP ROCK ( SHALE. GIRUJAN, TARAPUR, SALT

DOME)

TRAPS : 1 ) STRUCTURAL ( FOLD, ANTICLINE, FAULTS)

2 ) STRATIGRAPHICAL ( PINCH OUT, LENSES,
UNCONFOMITY)

TIMING (GEOLOGICAL PERIOD :EOCENE, OLIGOCENE

ETC)
MATURITY (DEPTH (HEAT)
MIGRATION
TYPES OF WELLS

WILD CAT

EXPLORATORY

APPRAISAL

DEVELOPMENT

INFILL
TYPES OF FIELDS
P(90) PROVEN PRODUCTION STARTED

P(50) PROBABLE OIL SHOW IN MDT/RFT FROM AT LEAST

ONE WELL IN THE FIELD

P(10) POSSIBLE SIMILAR GEOLOGIC CONDITION IN A OIL

PRODUCING FIELD
TOPOGRAPHY

TOPOGRAPHY AND NORMAL MAP

CONTOUR MAP (DOME STRUCTURE) TO KNOW STRUCTURE

BURIED DEEP UNDER

ISOPACK MAP

CORRELATION OF WELLS IN A FIELD

EXTENSION AND DIPPING STRUCTURE
SEDIMENTOLOGY

TRANSPORTATION AND DEPOSITION, BURIAL

FLUVIAL BY RIVER

BRAIDED AND MEANDERING

EOLEAN BY AIR (SAND DUNES)

LACUSTRINE DEPOSITION IN LAKE ( NO WAVE ACTION)

MARINE : TRANSGRESSION REGRESSION PROGRADATION

(GAMMA RAY LOG, SP LOG, +VE SP, -VE SP)

OUTCROP

NAME OF A LAYER FROM OUTCROP

GEOLOGY STARTS FROM STUDY OF

OUTCROPS

BABAGURU SAND , TARAPUR SHALE, KALOL

FORMATION
KADI FORMATION, MANDHALI
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

SANDSTONE= SiO2

FELDSPAR = X(Al,Si)O4
X=K = ORTHOCLAY, GR HIGH

X=Na, Ca= PLAGIOCLAY

LIMESTONE = CaCO3
DOLOMITE = CaCO3, Mg(CO3)2

HALIDES, GYPSUM SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS FROM

SOLUTION
LIMESTONE

ORGANISMS, MICRO-ORGANISMS THRIVE IN

SHALLOW WATER,
WHERE SUNLIGHT CAN REACH, LUKEWARM

CALM AND QUIET ENVIRONMENT

WATER RECEDES, REGRESSION (ICE AGE)

ORGANISMS MAKE COLONY AND GET BURIED

THEN AGAIN TRANSGRESSION OCCUR
AND SO COLONIES
MAIN JOB OF GEOLOGISTS

CORRELATION OF WELLS

CONTOUR MAP

TOPOGRAPHY (HEIGHT)

TO FIND OUT GEOLOGICAL STRUCTUES UNDER EARTH

FROM TOPO MAPS
OWC DLINEATION OF A AREA

ISOPACK MAP

PETREL , TO FIND OOIP OR OGIP

TO RELEASE EXPLORATORY WELLS
AS WELL AS DEVELOPMENT AND INFILL WELLS
PETREL = STATIC MODEL= DIVIDE FIELD INTO CELLS

PETREL TO FIND OOIP LAYERWISE

OOIP=hA(PHIE) (1-Sw)/Bo

ELAN OR EOFRAME

TO FIND Sw, PHIE, Vcl

SEISMIC PROVIDES FAULT STRUCTURES AND MAP

ECLIPSE PROVIDE DYNAMIC MODEL

PREDICTS HOW LONG IT WILL LAST AND MANY
FEATURES eg RESERVOIR PRESSURE ETC
 Deformation of Rocks

• Folds and faults are geologic

structures caused by
deformation.
• Structural geology is the study of
the deformation of rocks and its
effects.
Folds, faults and deformation
Fig. 11.1
Orientation of Deformed Rocks
We need some way to describe the
distribution of geologic structures.
So we use the terms strike and dip.
Strike: compass direction of a rock layer
as it intersects with a horizontal surface.
Dip: acute angle between the rock layer
and the horizontal surface, measured
perpendicular to strike.
Strike and Dip on a Rooftop

Fig. 11.4
Strike and Dip in a Rock Structure

Fig. 11.4
Fig. 11.5
 Stress:
force per unit area

Types of directed stresses include:

• compression
• extension
• shear
Fig. Story 11.6
Fig. 11.8
 Strength
• ability of an object to resist
deformation
• compressive or tensile

Fig. 11.7
 Strain
Any change in original shape or
size of an object in response to
stress acting on the object

Fig. 11.1
 Types of Deformation
• Elastic: Temporary change in shape or size that is recovered when the

deforming force is removed

•ductile (plastic):Permanent change in •Brittle (rupture) Loss of cohesion of

shape or size that is not recovered
when the stress is removed. Occurs
by the slippage of atoms or small
groups of atoms past each other in the
deforming material
a body under the influence of
deforming stress. Usually occurs
along sub-planar surfaces that
separate zones of coherent material
Fig. Story 11.6
Factors that Affect Deformation
• temperature

• pressure

• strain rate

• rock type

The variation of these factors determines

whether a rock will fault or fold.
Effects of Rock Type on Deformation

Some rocks are

stronger than others.
• competent: rocks
that deform only
under great stresses
• incompetent: rocks
that deform under
moderate to low
stresses
Joints
Cracks in rocks along
which there has been
no appreciable
displacement.
 Faults
Fractures in rocks created by earthquakes.
Faults are characterized by the direction of relative
movement: slip
• Dip-slip faults
 normal
 reverse
• Strike-slip faults
• Oblique-slip faults

•Hanging Wall: Term used by miners. They could

“hang” their light on this side of the fault because it
was above them.
•Footwall: Also from the miners, this side of the wall
upon which they could stand below the hanging wall.
Fault breccia
 Dip-slip Faults
Motion of the fault blocks is parallel to the dip
direction.
Rift Valley

Fig. 11.13
Rift Valley

Fig. 11.13
Reverse Fault

hanging wall

footwall

cross section
Fig. 11.11b
 Thrust Fault
Thrust faults are low-angle reverse faults.

hanging wall

footwall

cross section
 Scarp

Armenia 1988 Earthquake

 Strike-slip Faults
Motion of the fault
blocks is parallel to the
strike direction.
Fig. 11.11c
Fig. 11.11d
 Folding of Rocks
• Produced by horizontal or vertical forces
• Scale can be from cm to 100’s of km
 Fold Terminology
axial plane: the plane of mirror symmetry
dividing the fold into two limbs
axis: the line formed by the intersection of
the axial plane and a bedding plane
horizontal fold: fold where the axis is
horizontal
plunging fold: fold where the axis is not
horizontal
Beds dip away Beds on one side of the axial
symmetrically from the plane dip steeper than those on
axial plane the other side
Fig. Story 11.16
Both limbs dip in the same
direction
 More Fold Terminology
syncline: a sequence of folded rocks with the youngest rocks
on the inside of the fold
anticline: a sequence of folded rocks with the oldest rocks on
the inside of the fold
 Fold terms
synform: a sequence of folded rocks in which the limbs form an
arrow pointing down
antiform: a sequence of folded rocks in which the limbs form an
arrow pointing up
 And More Fold Terminology
dome: a sequence of folded rocks in which all the beds dip
away from a central point
basin: a sequence of folded rocks in which all the beds dip
towards a central point
Fig. 11.19
Fig. 11.19