KSSM BIOLOGY FORM 4 INTRODUCTION

BIOLOGY FORM 4 KSSM
Chapter 1 Introduction To Biology
1.1 Field and Careers in Biology

1.2 Safety and Rules in lab
ITeach – Biology Form 4

You are able to:
i. State the meaning of Biology
i. List at least 4 fields of study, its contribution and
examples of career related to the field of study
i. Explain functions at least 7 self-protective equipment

i. Identify and justify substances that : a) can be
disposed in the sink
b) cannot be disposed into the sink
i. Describe at least 3 methods in managing biological

wastes correctly
i. Explain the steps to manage accidents in laboratory :

a) 4 steps – chemical spill b) 4 steps – mercury
hazard
i. List at least 11 safety practices in the lab
The Study Of Biology
Introduction To Biology
Biology
Comes from Greek words
Bios Logos
means means
Life Study
Study of living things & its surrounding environment
Enlighten us on interactions between living things and

environment
Enlighten us on structure and function of living things

The Study Of Biology
study of technology Fields Of Study In Biology E.g. medicinal

GMO food
based on biology plants –
study of plants
Tongkat ali
Biochemistry
Biotechnology Botany
study of
microorganism
E.g. antibiotics
Biology
Microbiology study of animalAnatomy
study of
interaction of E.g. reserved
organism and forest
Taxonomy Zoology
environment
Ecology

Wash off any To handle To avoid accidents
spilled chemicals biological due to glass
or toxic samples breakage or
substances chemical spill
Provides filtered Irrigation for eye Avoid the smell of

air ventilation upon in contact harmful gases
with chemical such as chlorine
To protect the To protect the

eyes from direct body and clothes
chemical contact from chemicals
Disposables
Sink
Not into the

sink
Chemical with pH 5 to 9 Solid wastes ( glass)
Chemicals with pH less

than 5 or more than 9
Chemical solution (acids)
Toxic substances Radioactive wastes
Volatile substances Reactive substances

Heavy metals e.g.
mercury
Solutions with low
concentration & harmless
e.g. distilled water
Organic wastes
e.g. carcasses
Chemical with pH 5 to 9
Disposables
Solutions with low
concentration & harmless
Sink
Not into the

sink
WHY?
Chemical with pH 5 to 9 Solid wastes ( glass)
Solutions with low Chemicals with pH less

concentration & harmless than 5 or more than 9
Heavy metals e.g.
mercury Toxic substances
Organic wastes Radioactive wastes

e.g. carcasses
Reactive substances
Volatile substances
How about the items
that we can’t dispose
into the sink?
How we actually
dispose them?
As easy as
ABCD….
Solid wastes ( glass) Chemicals with pH less
than 5 or more than 9
Heavy metals e.g.

Toxic substances
mercury
Organic wastes Radioactive wastes

e.g. carcasses
Reactive substances
Volatile substances
Disposed into ‘sharp’ bin. No sterilization needed.
Packed into ‘biohazard’ bag, autoclaved and then

disposed into biohazard bin.
Wrapped in tissue, packed in ‘biohazard’ bag and

C frozen.
Autoclaved and disposed.

D
Accidents in
laboratory
Chemical Mercury
spill spill
Inform
teacher/lab
assistant
Prohibited
area
Sand on the Sulphur on

spill mercury spill
Gather the
Call fire
spillage and
brigade
dispose safely
List at least 11
do’s and don’ts in
the laboratory
1.3 Communicating in Biology

1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology

You are able to:
Record results in table form correctly
Plot suitable graph correctly based on the table data
Sketch biological drawings based on observation

correctly – cheek cell and onion epidermal cell
Identify body planes (frontal, sagittal, horizontal)

correctly
Identify sections (cross/transverse, longitudinal) correctly
Identify direction (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior,

dorsal, ventral and lateral) correctly
Design an experiment to solve a problem using scientific

investigation method
Table
Results
Graph
Sketch
Table
• Record and present data
• Consist of manipulated variable and
responding variable, with units
Temperature (°C) Volume of oxygen (cm3)
10 20
20 40
30 60
Graph
• Relationship between MV and RV
• Line, Bar or Histogram
Student Marks (%)
A 70
B 45
C 90
Temperature (°C) Volume of oxygen (cm3)

10 20
20 40
30 60
Sketch
• Not artistic drawing
• Detailed drawing, plane drawing
and enlargement factor
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚
= 1x
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚
Body planes
• Frontal, sagittal, horizontal
Section
Cross, longitudinal
Direction
Towards the
Towards the head
back
Towards the centre

Towards the
of body
front
Towards the feet

Applying Scientific Investigation
The Scientific Investigation
Scientific Skills
Science Process Skills Manipulative Skills
Involve Involve
Critical, analytical, creative

Psychomotor skills
thinking and systematic manner.

The Scientific Method
• Process of collecting facts based on an observable event or

phenomenon
• A scientific method incorporates the following steps:
Identifying a problem
Forming a hypothesis
Planning the experiment
Identifying and controlling variables Steps
Involved In
Conducting the experiment Scientific
Investigation
Collecting data
Analysing data
Interpreting data
Drawing conclusions
Writing a report
Identifying A Problem
Start with an observation
Stating a problem
Making an interference
(possible interpretation)

Forming A Hypothesis
• Proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon but the

validity is not yet proven.
• Allow scientist to make certain prediction regarding to a

phenomenon.

Planning An Investigation
• Gather relevant information about your experiment
• Find out apparatus and materials to be used
• Set up procedures to be followed

Identifying and Controlling Variables
 Manipulated Variable
• Independent variable
• Variables that we change to study the effect
3 Types
Of • Usually plotted on the x-axis of a graph
Variables
 Responding Variable
• Dependent variable
• An outcome of the experiment
• Usually plotted on the y-axis graph
 Fixed Variable
• Factors that remain the same throughout experiment

Conducting The Experiment
• Experiment is done according to procedures planned.
• Repeat experiment a few times to get precise and reliable average

reading.
Apparatus / materials and specimen are

handled correctly
Variables are well-controlled

Steps To Be
Observed During
Experiment A control experiment is also set-up
Apparatus must be cleaned using correct

method after experiment is done

Collecting Data Or Experimental Results
• Data : Results of an experiment, obtained by observation and

experiment
• The data collected should be accurate, logical and objective

Recording Data
Blood type No. of student

• Data is collected and recorded A 6
accurately. B 15
AB 8
O 6
• Data can be presented in form of table, Table
graph and simple diagram.
The rate of enzyme activity
• If you use graph, at least five readings

need to be collected.
Temperature
(ºC)
Graph

Analysing And Interpreting Data
• Relationship between
• Think critically to explain relationship
manipulated and responding
between information gathered.
variable is analysed.

Making
Conclusion
Hypothesis is
To determine
accepted if
whether results
results support
support
hypothesis.
hypothesis.

Writing A Report Objektif : ______________

______________
Penyataan
1. Objective Masalah : ______________
2. Problem statement Pemboleh : ______________

ubah ______________
3. Hypothesis
Bahan ________________
4. Variables dan radas : ______________
Teknik:
5. Materials and apparatus 1. _______________
2. _____________
6. Technique Kaedah :
1. ______________
7. Procedure 2. _______________
Keputusan :
8. Results
9. Discussion Perbincangan : _____________

Kesimpulan : _____________
10. Conclusion
Scientific Attitudes And Noble Values
 Have interest in nature and environment
 Being objective, systematic and rational
 Being honest and accurate
 Having critical and analytical thinking skills
 Being responsible and accountable

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BIOLOGY FORM 4 KSSM

Chapter 1 Introduction To Biology

1.1 Field and Careers in Biology

ITeach – Biology Form 4

i. Explain functions at least 7 self-protective equipment

i. Describe at least 3 methods in managing biological

i. Explain the steps to manage accidents in laboratory :

Study of living things & its surrounding environment

Enlighten us on interactions between living things and

Enlighten us on structure and function of living things

ITeach – Biology Form 4

study of technology Fields Of Study In Biology E.g. medicinal

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Provides filtered Irrigation for eye Avoid the smell of

To protect the To protect the

Not into the

Chemicals with pH less

Toxic substances Radioactive wastes

Volatile substances Reactive substances

Not into the

Solutions with low Chemicals with pH less

Chemical solution (acids)

Organic wastes Radioactive wastes

Heavy metals e.g.

Chemical solution (acids)

Organic wastes Radioactive wastes

Packed into ‘biohazard’ bag, autoclaved and then

Wrapped in tissue, packed in ‘biohazard’ bag and

Autoclaved and disposed.

Sand on the Sulphur on

1.3 Communicating in Biology

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Sketch biological drawings based on observation

Identify body planes (frontal, sagittal, horizontal)

Identify direction (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior,

Design an experiment to solve a problem using scientific

Temperature (°C) Volume of oxygen (cm3)

Towards the centre

Towards the feet

The Scientific Investigation

Science Process Skills Manipulative Skills

Critical, analytical, creative

ITeach – Biology Form 4

The Scientific Method

• Process of collecting facts based on an observable event or

• A scientific method incorporates the following steps:

The Scientific Method

Start with an observation

ITeach – Biology Form 4

The Scientific Method

• Proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon but the

• Allow scientist to make certain prediction regarding to a

ITeach – Biology Form 4

The Scientific Method

• Gather relevant information about your experiment

• Find out apparatus and materials to be used

• Set up procedures to be followed

ITeach – Biology Form 4

The Scientific Method

Identifying and Controlling Variables

• Factors that remain the same throughout experiment

ITeach – Biology Form 4