Basics of Effluent Treatment Plant

Basic Model of ETP

Presentation By :
Hardik Shah

PDIETM - 1940431909
What is anETP ?
• ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is a process design for treating the industrial waste
water for its reuse or safedisposal to the environment.
• Influent: Untreated industrial wastewater.
• Effluent: Treated industrial wastewater.
• Sludge:Solidpartseparated from waste water during the treatment in ETP.

TREATMENT

INFLUENT EFFLUENT
ETP
SLUDGE/SolidWaste
Knowledge Test ???

Is this Influent ???

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Need of ETP
• To clean industry influent and recycle it for further use.

• To reduce the usage of fresh/potable water in Industries.

• To cut expenditure on water procurement.

• To meet the Standards for emission or discharge
of environmental pollutants from various Industries set by
the Government and avoid heavy penalties.

• To safeguard environment against pollution and contribute in

sustainable development.
Design of ETP
The design and size of the ETP depends upon:
• Quantity and quality of the industries discharge effluent.

• Land availability.

• Monetary considerations for construction, operation & maintenance.

• Area dimension depends on:

 Quality of wastewater to be treated,
 Flow rate
 Type of biological treatment to be used .

• In case of less available land, CETP (Common Effluent Treatment

Plant) is preferred over ETP
 Treatment Levels & Mechanisms of ETP
• Treatment levels:
 Preliminary
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary (or advanced) treatment.
 Solid Waste Disposal – land Filling

• Treatment mechanisms:
 Physical – Removal of Contaminants by Physical Forces
 Chemical – Addition of Chemicals
 Biological – Biological Activity.
Waste Water Treatment Levels and Process

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ETP - Basic Model Indicating Treatment Level

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 Preliminary Treatmentlevel
The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other large
materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is necessary to enhance
the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units.

Methods: Physical methods are used in this treatment level.

Preliminary treatment operations typically include

• coarse screening,
• grit removal and, in some cases,
• comminution of large objects.

Grit removal is not included as a preliminary treatment step in most small wastewater
treatment plants.

Comminutors are sometimes adopted to supplement coarse screening and serve to reduce the
size of large particles so that they will be removed in the form of a sludge in subsequent
treatment processes
Preliminary Treatmentlevel

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Preliminary Treatment – Comminutor & Macerators

Preliminary Treatmentlevel

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Screening
• These consist of bars usually spaced three-quarter inches to six inches. Those most
commonly used provide clear openings of one to two inches.
• They are usually set at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees with the
vertical.
• The racks or screens may be cleaned either manually or by means of automatically
operatedrakes.

Screening of Coarse
Material

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Grit Chamber
• Wastewater usually contains a relatively large amount of inorganic
solids such as sand, cinders and gravel which are collectively called
grit
• Grit chambers are usually located ahead of pumps or comminuting
devices, and if mechanically cleaned, should be preceded by coarse
bar rack screens. The detention period is usually between 20
seconds to 1.0 minute.

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Skimming Tanks
• A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the floating matter
like oil, fat, grease etc., rise and remain on the surface of the waste
water.
• The chamber is a long trough shaped structure divided up into two
or three lateral compartments by vertical bafflewalls.
• A theoretical detention period of 3 minutes is enough. The floating
matter can be either hand or mechanicallyremoved.

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 Primary Treatment Level
The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and inorganic
solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by
skimming.

Methods : Both Physical and chemical methods are used in this treatment level

Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 50 to

70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and grease are removed
during primary treatment.

Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals associated with solids
are also removed during primary sedimentation but colloidal and dissolved constituents
are not affected.

The effluent from primary sedimentation units is referred to as primary effluent.

Primary & Secondary Treatment

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Sedimentation tank-primary settling tank

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Flocculation

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 Secondary Treatment Level
Methods: Biological and chemical processes are involved in this level.
Biological unit process
 To remove, or reduce the concentration of organic and inorganic compounds.
 Biological treatment process can take many forms but all are based around
microorganisms, mainly bacteria.

Aerobic Processes
 Aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence of air (oxygen).
 Utilizes those microorganisms (aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen to
assimilate organic impurities i.e. convert them in to carbon dioxide, water and
biomass.

Anaerobic Processes
 The anaerobic treatment processes take place in the absence of air (oxygen).
 Utilizes microorganisms (anaerobes) which do not require air (molecular/free
oxygen) to assimilate organic impurities.
 The final products are methane and biomass.
Activated sludgeprocess
TricklingFilters
• A trickling filter or bio filter consists of a basin or tower filled with
support media such asstones, plastic shapes, or wooden slats.
• Wastewater is applied intermittently, or sometimes continuously,
over the media. Microorganisms become attached to the media and
form a biological layer or fixedfilm.
• Wastewater is applied intermittently, or sometimes continuously,
over the media. Microorganisms become attached to the media and
form a biological layer or fixedfilm.
• Forced air can also be supplied by blowers but this is rarely
necessary. The thickness of the biofilm increases as new organisms
grow. Periodically, portions of the film 'slough off the media.
• The sloughed material is separated from the liquid in a secondary
clarifier and discharged to sludgeprocessing.
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Trickling Filters

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 Rotating biological contactors(RBC)
• Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are fixed-film reactors similar
to bio filters in that organisms are attached to support media.
• In the case of the RBC, the support media are slowly rotating discs
that are partially submerged in flowing wastewater in the reactor.
Oxygen is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air when the
film is out of thewater.
• Sloughed pieces of biofilm are removed in the same manner
described for bio filters.

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Rotating biological contactors(RBC)

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 Tertiary/ AdvancedTreatment
Purpose: Final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before it
is reused, recycled or discharged to the environment.

Mechanism: Removes remaining inorganic compounds, and substances,

such as the nitrogen and phosphorus. Bacteria, viruses and parasites,
which are harmful to public health, are also removed at this stage.

Methods:
 Alum: Used to help remove additional phosphorus particles and group
the remaining solids together for easy removal in the filters.

 Chlorine contact tank disinfects the tertiary treated wastewater by

removing microorganisms in treated wastewater including bacteria,
viruses and parasites.

 Remaining chlorine is removed by adding sodium bisulphate just before

it's discharged.
 Tertiary / AdvancedTreatment
Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific
wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be
removed.

individual treatment processes are necessary to remove nitrogen, phosphorus,

additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids.

Because advanced treatment usually follows high-rate secondary treatment, it is

sometimes referred to as tertiary treatment.

However, advanced treatment processes are sometimes combined with primary or

secondary treatment (e.g., chemical addition to primary clarifiers or aeration basins to
remove phosphorus) or used in place of secondary treatment (e.g., overland flow
treatment of primary effluent).
 SCHEMTIC DIAGRAM OF S EDIMENTATION TANK
Waste w a t e r from
sedimentation pack
S l u d g e to
thickening unit
SED IMENTATION
TANK

Effluent

Effluent
D is c h a r g e
Fish pond

Fish Pond is used to see survival of fishes to ascertain fitness of water for disposal
EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
 SLUDGE THICKENING UNIT

H e re s l u d g e i s dr i e d a n d
di sc har ge d.

P ar ti al a m o u n t of s l u d g e i s
re t u r n e d b a c k to t h e a e r a t i o n
t a n k from t h i c k e n i n g u n i t
t h ro u g h re c y c l e t a n k c al l e d
re tur n s l u d g e t a n k a n d d i s p e r s e
tank.
 SCHEMTIC DIAGRAM OF S L U D G E
THICKENING U N I T

S l u d g e from Sludge discharge

sedimentation unit

SLUDGFE
THICKENING UNIT

S l u d g e t o re c y c l e
tank
DRIED SLUDGE