Incandescent Lamps

Incandescent lamps are historically the oldest and the most often found in
common use.

Filament Standard Incandescent bulbs

These contain a tungsten filament and are filled with an inert gas (nitrogen
and argon or krypton).

Advantages
Extremely low initial cost

Disadvantages
Shortest Life
Extremely high operating costs
 Incandescent Lamps

Halogen Incandescent bulbs

These also contain a tungsten filament,
but are filled with a halogen compound
and an inert gas (krypton or xenon).

This halogen compound is responsible

for the phenomenon of filament
regeneration, which increases the
service life of the lamps and avoids
them blackening.

The main disadvantage of incandescent

lamps is their significant heat
dissipation, resulting in poor luminous
efficiency.

Halogen - Any of five related nonmetallic elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine,

iodine or astatine) that are all monovalent and readily form negative ions
Incandescent Lamps
 Halogen Incandescent Lamps

Advantages

• Direct connection
• Instantaneous efficiency
• Excellent color rendering

Disadvantage

• Average luminous
• Efficiency
Applications Incandescent Lamps

Domestic use Localized decorative lighting

– Spot lighting
– Intense lighting
 Fluorescent / CFL

Compact fluorescent lamps are based on the same principle as a

fluorescent tube. The starter and ballast functions are provided by an
electronic circuit (integrated in the lamp) which enables the use of
smaller tubes folded back on themselves.
Applications Fluorescent / CFL
Residences
OfficeAreas
Shops
Workshops
Outdoors
Applications Fluorescent / CFL

Hospitality
 Fluorescent / CFLC
Advantages
1. Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light output.
2. The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod is more.
3. It gives light close to natural light.
4. Heat radiations are negligible.

Disadvantages
1. Its brightness is less.
2. Initial cost is more
3. Overall maintenance cost is high
 Neon Lamp
• The Neon lamp is a low pressure gas discharge lamp.
• It is a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL).
• The term "Neon Lamp" is used to describe a CCFL with a tube diameter
less than 15 millimeters.

Applications:

• Plasma monitors/televisions
• Signs
• Indicator Lights
• Numeric Indicators (Nixie Tubes)
• Mechanical Scan Televisions
• AC or DC indicator
 Neon Lamp

Clear red - neon

Red opaque - Neon Gas with red phosphor
Neon + Argon + Hg combination used for outdoor use
in order to function more reliably in cold weather.

Blues, Greens, yellow- phosphor with Argon

and Mercury Gas (Argon starts the arc, warms
up, then mercury gas ionizes, UV light is
emitted) UV activates the colored phosphor
Neon Lamp
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
High ceiling spaces where focused down light is needed to highlight
features (e.g., table top finishes, place settings, etc.) and to provide full
range dimming.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
• The term High Intensity Discharge or HID describes lighting systems
that produce light through an electrical discharge which typically
occurs inside a pressurized arc tube between two electrodes.

• In general, these systems feature long life, high light output for the
size of the lamp and increased efficiency compared to fluorescent
and incandescent technologies.

• HID lamps are named by the type of gas and metal contained within
the arc tube.

• HID lamps take several minutes to warm-up. Full light output is

reached after the arc tube temperature rises and the metal vapours
reach final operating pressure.

• A power interruption or voltage drop will cause the lamp to switch

off. Before the lamp will re-light, it must cool to the point where the
lamp’s arc will re strike.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge

There are four basic types of lamps considered as HID light

sources:
1. Mercury vapor,
2. Low pressure sodium,
3. High pressure sodium and
4. Metal halide.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
High pressure sodium Lamps

• Efficacy : 80 to 140 lumens per watt.

• Life : A long lamp life of 20,000 to 24,000 hours,and
the best lumen maintenance of all HID
sources.
• Wattages : 35W to 1000W and the warm-up time is from 2
to 4minutes.
• Re-strike time: Approximately 1 minute.

• Applications: Roadway lighting

• High pressure sodium and metal halide lamps comprise the

majority of HID lighting applications.

• The biggest drawback of high pressure sodium is the

yellowish colour light output, but it is acceptable for use in
many industrial and outdoor applications (e.g. Roadway
lighting).
Application ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge

High pressure sodium Lamps for Street lighting

 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
Low pressure sodium Lamps

Low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps are grouped with HID lamps, but in fact do
not have a compact, high intensity arc.

They are more like a fluorescent lamp with a long stretched-out arc.

Colour: LPS lamps have no colour rendering index as the colour output is
monochromatic yellow.
Efficacy: 100 to 185 lumens per watt.
Wattages: 18W to 180W
Life: Average 14,000 to 18,000 hour lifetimes.

Re-strike time: shortest re-strike time among HID sources only 3 to 12

seconds.

They have excellent lumen maintenance but the longest warm up times, from 7
to 15 minutes.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
Applications: LPS has few viable applications beyond street, parking lot and
tunnel lighting.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
Applications: LPS has few viable applications beyond street, parking lot and
tunnel lighting.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
Metal Halide lamps

Efficiency: Efficacy of 60 to 110 lumens per watt

Warm-up Time: 2 to 5 minutes.
Re-strike time: 10 to 20 Minutes.
Wattages: 20W to 1000W
Life: 6,000 to 20,000 hours.

Advantages: The advantage of metal halide

lighting is its bright crisp, white light output
suitable for commercial, retail, and industrial
installations where light quality is important.

However, lumen maintenance over the life of

the lamps is less than optimal relative to other
HID sources.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
Metal Halide lamps
Applications: This technology is ideal for Lamp applications requiring truer colour as in
fruit, vegetable, Clothing and other accent lighting in retail displays.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge
Metal Halide lamps
Wattages from 1500W to 2000W are specialty lamps used for sports lighting,
and have lamp life ratings of only 3000 to 5000 hours.
 ( HI D) High Intensity Discharge

1. Down lights
2. Wall washers
3. Adjustable accents
4. In floor- or in grade
uplights
5. Wall slots

Cuba Gallery Melbourne

 ( LED) Li ght Emi t t i ng Di odes

Light emitting diodes or LEDs

are also known as solid state
lighting SSL devices.

• Has no hazardous materials

like (mercury or lead solder)
• Exhibiting excellent efficacies
• Very long life

• Exterior Applications
• Decorative Interior
• Step Lights
• Path Lights
• Subtle Down lighting
• Wall washing
• Back lighting
• Cove
 ( LED) Li ght Emi t t i ng Di odes

Path Lights
 ( LED) Li ght Emi t t i ng Di odes

Step Lights
 ( LED) Li ght Emi t t i ng Di odes

Street Lighting
 ( LED) Li ght Emi t t i ng Di odes

Street Lighting