Introduction

 Shaper is a reciprocating type of machine tool in

which the ram moves the cutting tool backwards and
forwards in a straight line. It is intended primarily to
produce flat surfaces.
 These surfaces may be horizontal, vertical, or inclined.
In general, the shaper can produce any surface
composed of straight line elements.
 A Shaper is used to generate flat surfaces by means of a
single point cutting tool similar to lathe.
Introduction
Working Principle
 A single point cutting tool is held in the tool holder,
which is mounted on the ram. The workpiece is rigidly
held in a vice or clamped directly on the table. The
table may be supported at the outer end.
 The ram reciprocates and thus this cutting tool held in
tool holder moves forward and backward over the
workpiece. In a standard Shaper, cutting of material
takes place during the forward stroke of the arm.
 The backward stroke remains idle and no cutting takes
place during this stroke. The feed is given to the
workpiece and depth of cut is adjusted by moving the
tool downwards towards the workpiece.
Working Principle
Types of Shapers
Shapers are classified under the following headings:-
1). According to the type of mechanism used:-
a)Crank Type
b)Geared Type
c)Hydraulic Type

2). According to the type of design of the table:-

a)Standard Shaper
b)Universal Shaper

3). According to the position and travel of the ram:-

a)Horizontal Type
b)Vertical Type
c)Travelling head type

4). According to the type of cutting stroke:-

a)Push Type
b)Draw Type
 Principal Parts
The main parts are given as under:-

Ram Block Locking

Base Saddle Apron Clamping Bolt Handle

Feed Disc Tool Head Driving Pulley Down Feed Hand Wheel

Swivel Base Degree Position of Stroke

Column Table Graduations Adjustment Hand Wheel

Clapper Box Cross-Rail Elevating Screw Pawl Mechanism

Principal Parts
 Base:-
It is rigid and heavy cast iron body to resist vibration and
takes up high compression load. It supports all other parts
of the machine, which are mounted over it.

 Column:-
The column is a box shaped casting mounted upon the
base. It houses the ram driving mechanism. Two accurately
machined guide ways are provided on the top of the
column on which the ram reciprocates.

 Saddle:-
The saddle is located on the cross rail and holds the table
on its top. Crosswise movement of the saddle by rotating
the cross feed screw by hand or power causes the table to
move sideways.
Principal Parts
 Cross Rail:-
Cross rail of shaper has two parallel guide ways on its top in
the vertical plane that is perpendicular to the rail axis. It is
mounted on the front vertical guideways of the column.
It consists mechanism for raising and lowering the table to
accommodate different sizes of jobs by rotating an
elevating screw which causes the cross rail to slide up and
down on the vertical face of the column. A horizontal cross
feed screw is fitted within the cross rail and parallel to the
top guide ways of the cross rail. This screw actuates the
table to move in a crosswise direction.

 Ram:-
It is the reciprocating part of the shaper, which
reciprocates on the guideways provided above the column.
Ram is connected to the reciprocating mechanism
contained within the column.
Principal Parts
 Table:-
The table is the box-like casting having T-Slots both on top
and sides for clamping the work. It is bolted to the saddle
and receives crosswise and vertical movements from the
saddle and cross rail.
 Tool Head:-
The tool Head of a shaper performs the following
functions:
1). It holds the tool rigidly
2). It provides vertical and angular feed movement of the
tool
3). It allows the tool to have an automatic relief during its
return stroke.
Principal Parts
 The various parts of the tool head of a shaper are Apron,
Clamping Bolt, Clapper Box, Tool Post, Downfeed Screw
Micrometer dial, Down Feed Screw, Vertical Side, Apron Swivel
pin, and Swivel Base.
 By rotating the down feed screw handle, the vertical side
carrying the tool gives down feed or angular feed movement
while machining vertical or angular surface.
 The amount of feed or depth of cut may be adjusted by a
micrometer dial on the top of the downfeed screw.
 The two vertical walls on the apron called clapper box houses the
clapper block, which is connected to it by means of a hinge pin.
The tool post is mounted upon the clapper block.\
 On the forward cutting stroke the clapper block fits securely to
the clapper box to make a rigid tool support. On return stroke a
slight frictional drag of the tool on the work lifts the block out of
the clapper block a sufficient amount preventing the tool cutting
edge from dragging and consequent wear.
Specification
 The size of the shaper is specified by the maximum
length of stroke or cut it can make. Usually the size of
the shaper ranges from 175 to 900mm.
 Besides the length of stroke, other particulars, such as
the type of drive, floor space required, weight of the
machine, cutting to return stroke ratio, number and
amount of feed, power input, etc. Are also sometimes
required for the complete specification of a shaper.
Shaper Mechanism
 In a shaper, rotary motion of the drive is converted into
reciprocating motion of the ram by the mechanism housed
within the column or the machine.

 The shaper mechanism is so designed that it moves the ram

holding the tool at a comparatively slower speed during forward
cutting stroke, whereas during the return stroke, it allows the
ram to move at a faster speed to reduce the idle return time. This
mechanism is also known as quick return mechanism. The
reciprocating movement of the ram and the quick return
mechanism of the machine are generally obtained by any one of
the following methods:-
1). Crank and slotted link mechanism
2). Whitworth quick return mechanism
4). Hydraulic shaper mechanism
Surfaces Produced
 Horizontal Plain Surface
 Vertical Plain Surface
 Inclined Surface
 Grooved Surface
 Slotted Surface
 Stepped Surface
Shaper Operations

 A shaper is a machine tool

primarily designed to generate
a flat surface by a single point
cutting tool. Besides this, it
may also be used to perform
many other operations.
Shaper Operations
Shaper Operations
Shaper Operations