Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Taxonomy
Broader aims of education in Pakistan
To understand the main difference between
aims, goals and objectives
What are the behavioral objectives in the
light of bloom taxonomy
What are the broader aims of education in
Pakistan
Pakistan education system with no objectives
WHAT ARE AIMS, GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES
Aims are
more general than goals and objectives refer
to the end results.
a target that you want to hit.
Usually formulated at the national level.
Reflect the conditions of society.
E.g. aims might be preparing students for
democratic citizenship.
Goals are
Derived from educational aims which reflect
the condition of society & needs of local
community.
the word ‘go’ in it. goals go forward in a
specific direction.
Formulated at the school level by a group of
administrators or teachers.
E.g. goal under our citizenship aim might be
involvement in political & social life of the
community.
Objectives are
the activities carried out to bring aims and goals to
function.
specific in nature.
Formulated to organize learning material in such a way as to
be observed & measured.
Written at three levels, subject/grade level, unit plan level,
lesson plan level.
Immediate outcomes of instruction, daily taught and
assessed.
the word ‘object’ in it, something that you can hold in your
hand.
E.g. A subject objective in citizenship for 8th grade might
be “to discuss how laws protect the rights of all people
within a society.
Both are tools for accomplishing what you
want to achieve.
Goals are long term and objectives are
accomplished in the short term.
Goals are broad, objectives are narrow.
Aims are general statements ends or
intentions of teaching. Objectives are the
individual stages that learners must achieve
on the way in order to reach these goals.
Aims are general, objectives are specific.
Aims are like strategy, objective are like
tactics.
Aims are broader, highly general & achieve
in life long process.
Goals are intermediate between aims and
objectives and are less broad. Goals are the
way to satisfy aim.
Objectives are specific and are used for
achieving goals and aims.
ends influenced by Level of direction Developed by example
Evaluation
Synthesis
Analysis
Application
Comprehension
Knowledge
Evaluation •Creating
Synthesis •Evaluating
Analysis •Analyzing
Application •Applying
Comprehension
•Understanding
Knowledge
•Remembering
(Based on Pohl, 2000, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 8)
Remembering verbs
List
Memorize • Listen
Relate • Group
Show Recall or
Locate • Choose recognition of
Distinguish specific
Give example • Recite information
Reproduce • Review
Quote
Repeat • Quote
Label • Record
Recall
• Match
Know
Group Products :
Read • Select • Label
• Quiz
Write • Underline • List
Outline • Definition
• Cite • Workbook
• Fact
• Sort • Reproduction
• Worksheet
•Vocabulary
• Test
Sample Unit : Travel
How many ways can you travel from one place to another? List
Remembering and draw all the ways you know. Describe one of the vehicles
from your list, draw a diagram and label the parts. Collect
“transport” pictures from magazines- make a poster with info.
How do you get from school to home? Explain the method of
Understanding travel and draw a map. Write a play about a form of modern
transport. Explain how you felt the first time you rode a bicycle.
Make your desk into a form of transport.
Explain why some vehicles are large and others small. Write a
Applying story about the uses of both. Read a story about “The Little Red
Engine” and make up a play about it. Survey 10 other children
to see what bikes they ride. Display on a chart or graph.
Make a jigsaw puzzle of children using bikes safely. What
Analyzing problems are there with modern forms of transport and their
uses- write a report. Use a Venn Diagram to compare boats to
planes, or helicopters to bicycles.
What changes would you recommend to road rules to prevent
Evaluating traffic accidents? Debate whether we should be able to buy fuel
at a cheaper rate. Rate transport from slow to fast etc..
Invent a vehicle. Draw or construct it after careful planning.
Creating What sort of transport will there be in twenty years time?
Discuss, write about it and report to the class. Write a song
about traveling in different forms of transport.
Receiving; this objective is indicative of the learner’s
sensitivity to the existence of stimuli & includes
awareness, willingness to receive e.g. to recognize
musical instrument played on a record.
Responding; this include active attention to stimuli
such as willing responses, feeling of satisfaction. E.g.
to contribute to group discussion by asking questions.
Valuing; objectives related to beliefs and attitudes of
worth in the form of acceptance and preference. E.g.
to argue over an issue involving health care.
Organization; it involves organization of a
value system. E.g. to organize a class room
meeting concerning a neighborhood’s
housing integration plan.
Characterization; it includes behavior
related to generalized set of values
characterization of philosophy of life. E.g. to
debate the virtues of a particular social or
political tract.
Reflex movement; these objectives include
segmental and intersegmental reflexes e.g. to
contract a muscle.
Fundamental movement; these include behavior
related to walking, running, jumping &
manipulating.
Perceptual movement; these objectives include
visual, auditory and coordination abilities e.g. to
distinguish distant & close sound.
Skilled movement; include objectives
concerning games, sports & arts etc.
Nondiscursive communication; include
objectives related to expressive movements
through posture, gestures, facial expression
& creative movements e.g. to act a part in
play.
ALLAMA IQBAL:
Education is the activity of recognizing God & understanding
of self.
PLATO:
Education helps in developing human being’s physical and
mental qualities in such a way that his potentialities can be
realized.
IMAM GHAZALI:
Education enables an individual to distinguish between the
true and false, the good and bad, the right conduct and evil
doing.
Various commissions and committees were established
from time to time during the educational history of
Pakistan by various regimes. It is however sad to observe
that in spite of all efforts and importance given to
education sector, standards of education have gone
down. It is a matter of serious concern to find that
educational degree awarded in Pakistan have lost their
past prestige and recognition However aims and
objectives of education formulated by various national
educational policies as:
Promotion of Islamic ideology of Pakistan
Our education should
preserve the ideals, led to the concept of unity
and oneness. This Islamic state should be
based upon Islamic ideology of justice,
equality and brotherhood. It should be a
welfare state, striving to raise the standard of
living of its entire citizen.
.
Ensuring the preservation, promotion and practice
of the basic ideology of Pakistan and making it a
code of individual and national life
Personality development
Building up and nurturing the total personality of the
individual, dynamic, creative and capable of facing the
truth.
All round development of an individual - physically,
mentally and spiritually
make children self- confident and self dependent
Provision of leadership
But the Pakistani education system lost its purpose , objectives and
perspective.
the system is divorced from its
social,
economic and
cultural moorings.