Presented by-

Mr. Prakash I. Nargatti (Assistant Professor)

 Respiration-

Chemical process where exchange of gas takes place

Process by which living organism takes oxygen in & releases

carbon dioxide

 External respiration

Exchange of gas- Lungs & Blood occurs

 Internal respiration

Exchange of gas- Blood in systemic capillaries & body cells

 Organs of Respiratory System
 Nose

 Pharynx

 Larynx

 Trachea

 Two bronchi

 Bronchioles & small air passages

 Two lungs & their coverings, pleura

 Muscles of breathing- Intercostal muscles & Diaphragm

 Nose
 First organ

 Organ of sensation- Olfactory nerve

 2 portions-

 External portion-

Visible on face

Bony framework

Cartilaginous framework

2 Openings- Nostrils

Nasal Septum
 Internal portion (choanae)

 Anterior part- merges with External portion

 Posterior part- merges with Pharynx

 Nasal cavity

 3 passages-

Superior meatuses

Middle meatuses

Inferior meatuses
Functions
 Warming of air

 Filtration & cleaning of air

 Moistening / Humidification of air

 Detecting sense of smell

 Modifying speech vibrations- Resonance chamber

Pharynx
 Throat

 Organ – Two systems

 Funnel shaped tube, 13 cm long

 Extends from- Internal portion of nose to 6th cervical vertebrae

 Location-

 Posterior- Nasal & oral cavity

 Superior- Larynx
 3 portions-

 Nasopharynx

 Oropharynx

2 Tonsils- Palatine tonsils & Lingual tonsils

 Laryngopharynx
Functions
 Passageway of air & food

 Warming & humidification of air

 Protection

 Provides resonance chamber for speech

 Larynx
 Voice box

 Connects laryngopharynx & trachea

 Extends from C4 to C6

 Walls of larynx- Made up of 9 Cartilages attached to each other

 Name of cartilage Description
Thyroid cartilage
Triangular in shape located in front of neck
(Adams Apple)

Cricoid cartilage Ringlike shape forms inferior wall of larynx

Leaf shaped flap elastic cartilage, superior

Epiglottis
portion of larynx
Triangular shape located top of cricoid
Arytenoid cartilage
cartilage

Cuneiform cartilage Wedge shape, anterior to corniculate cartilage

Corniculate cartilage Horn shape elastic cartilage

Functions
 Passageway for air between pharynx & trachea

 Warming, humidifying & filtering air

 Vocal cords produces sound

 Protection of lower respiratory tract

Trachea
 Windpipe

 12 cm long & 2.5cm diameter

 Anterior to oesophagus, extends from larynx to T5

 Divides at carina- to form primary bronchi (Right & Left)

 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage (C-shaped) one above

other

 Walls- Mucosa, Submucosa, Hyaline cartilage, Adventia

 Incomplete part- faces oesophagus

Bronchi
 Trachea divides into 2 parts at carina
1. Right primary bronchus- short & wide
2. Left primary bronchus- long & narrow

Primary bronchi
↓
Secondary bronchi- one for each lobe of lungs
↓
Tertiary bronchi
↓
Bronchioles → Terminal bronchioles
 Lungs
 Lung-Light weight

 Paired cone shaped organ

 Location-

 One on each side of thoracic cavity

 Extends from Diaphragm to Clavicle

 Surrounded by 2 layers of Pleural membrane

 Outer layer-Parietal pleura

 Inner layer- Visceral pleura

 Pleural cavity
 Left lung smaller than Right lung

 Surfaces-

1. Base- Inferior portion- Broad

2. Apex- Superior portion- Narrow

3. Costal surface- Surface facing ribs

4. Medial surface- Surface of each lungs facing each other

Hilum
 Mediastinum

 Hilum

 Fissures- divides lungs into lobes

 Horizontal fissure & Oblique fissure

 Right lung- 2 fissures, 3 lobes

 Left lung- 1 fissures, 2 lobes

 Alveoli
 Terminal bronchioles →Alveolar ducts & Alveoli

 Each alveoli- surrounded by network of capillaries

 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells

 Type I alveolar cells

 Type II alveolar cells

 Type I alveolar cells-

More in numbers

Simple squamous epithelial cells

Forms alveolar walls, Site for gas exchange

 Type II alveolar cells-

Fewer in numbers

Found between type I alveolar cells

Secrete- Alveolar fluid- surface moist

Physiology of Respiration
 Muscles for breathing
 Breathing cycle

 Muscles for breathing

 Intercostal muscles-
 Occupies space between ribs
 11 pairs of muscles
 Arranged 2 layers
1. External intercostal muscle
2. Internal intercostal muscle
 1st pair of ribs- fixed- Intercostal muscles contracts- movement
of ribs occurs
 Diaphragm

 Dome shaped muscle

 Thoracic cavity & abdominal cavity

 Controlled by Phrenic nerve

 Breathing cycle

 Normal breathing rate- 13-16 breaths per minute

 Inspiration

 Expiration

 Pause
INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
 Lung volume & Capacities
 Tidal volume:

It is the volume of air moved in & out of lungs during normal

breathing. Normal value is 500 ml.

 Vital Capacity:

It is the volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs by the
most forceful inspiration and expiration.

Normal value is 3 - 5 litres

 Residual volume:

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration.

Normal value 1.1 litres to 1.2 litres

 Inspiratory reserve volume:

Amount of air - breathed in and above the tidal volume by the

deepest possible inspiration.

Normal value is 1800 – 3000 ml.

 Expiratory reserve volume:

Largest volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs during
maximal expiration (800 - 1200 ml)