Chap 3 Path Loss Models Good

Link Budget and
Channels: Large-Scale Path-loss
Sarosh K. Dastoor
ME (Wireless communication Systems and Network),
MIEEE, MISTE, MIETE
PhD (Pursuing- 5G Cellular Mobile Network planning
and Optimization)
Asst Professor, ECC Dept
SCET
Practical Link Budget Design
using Path Loss Models
© Tallal Elshabrawy 2
Path Loss Models
Propagation Prediction
Topographical terrain data is used extensively to predict propagation

conditions, to optimally select locations for installing cellular base 6
© Tallal Elshabrawy
Considering neither the topography nor terrain features in great detail.
If no interference were present and if omni-directional antennas were
used, such coverage plots tend to show circular cell layouts.
Pathloss is computed from the terrain features and antenna data.
Received signal powers and interference power levels, determine the
coverage of each base station.
Path-Loss Models
Path-Loss models are empirical models that are based on
fitting curves or analytical expressions that recreate a set of
measured data.
Note: A given empirical model might only be valid within
the environment.
1) Log-Distance Path-Loss Model
Theoretical and Measurement-based Propagation suggest
that the average received signal power decreases
logarithmically with distance
PL (d): Average path-loss for an arbitrary separation

n : Path-loss exponent
Path-Loss Exponent for Different Environments
Environment Path-Loss Exponent n

Free-Space 2
Urban area cellular radio 2.7 to 3.5
Shadowed urban cellular 3 to 5
radio
In building line-of-sight 1.6 to 1.8
Obstructed in building 4 to 6
Obstructed in factories 2 to 3
2) Log-normal Shadowing
 Distance between two nodes alone cannot fully explain the
signal strength level at the receiver
 Shadowing has been introduced as a means to model the
variation of signal propagation behavior between two different
signal paths assuming the same propagation distance
PL (d): Path-loss model for an arbitrary separation d

Xσ : Shadowing parameter (zero mean Gaussian
distributed random variable in dB with standard deviation σ
also in dB)
Received Power in Path-Loss Models
d d
PT - PL  d 
4 3
d
d
Position
Index
1 2 1 2 3 4
Received Power in Path-Loss Models
PR  d 
d d X1
X 4
PT - PL  d  X3
4 3 X2
d
d
Position
Index
1 2 1 2 3 4
Reception Quality
PR  d 
d d X1
X 4
PT - PL  d  X3
4 3 X2

d
d
Position
Index
1 2 1 2 3 4
γ: Desired received power threshold
Pr  PR  d   γ   Pr  X σ  PT  PL  d   γ 
   
Outdoor Propagation Models
 Longley-Rice Model
 Durkin’s Model
 Okumura’s Model
 Hata Model
 PCS extension to Hata Model
 Walfisch and Bertoni

3) Okumura’s Model
 Okumura’s model is one of the most widely used models
for signal predictions in urban and sub-urban mobile
communication areas
 This model is applicable for frequencies ranging from 150

MHz to 1000 MHz
 It can cover distances from 1 km to 100 km and it can be

used for base station heights starting from 30m to 1000m
 The model is based on empirical data collected in detailed

propagation tests over various situations of an irregular
terrain and environmental clutter
Okumura Model
 Widely used empirical model (no analytical basis!) in
macrocellular environment – Urban environment
No Parameter Value
1 Prediction Median Path Loss
2 *Frequency Range 150 – 1000 MHz
3 Base station Height 30-200 m
4 Mobile Station Height 1-10 m
5 Distance of propagation 1- 20 km
6 Accuracy 10-14dB in Urban and
Sub-urban areas.
1) Okumura’s Model
L50  dB  LF  Amu  f ,d   G  h te   G  h re   GAREA
 L50 = the median value or 50th percentile value of

the propagation path loss
 LF = the free space propagation path loss
 Amu = the median attenuation relative to free space
 GAREA = the gain due to the type of environment
 G(hte) = the base station antenna height gain factor
 G(hre) = the mobile antenna height gain factor
Okumura’s Model: Amu Curves
“Wireless Communications:
Principles and Practice 2nd
Edition”, T. S. Rappaport, Prentice
Hall, 2001
Okumura’s Model: GArea Curves
Edition”, T. S. Rappaport, Prentice
Hall, 2001
Okumura’s Model: G(hte), G(hre)
 The empirical model of Okumura assumed
hte = 200m, hre = 3m
 h te 
G  h te   20log   30m  h te  1000m
 200 
 h re 
G  h re   10log   h re  3m
 3 
 h re 
G  h re   20log   3m  h re  10m
 3 
2) Hata Model
L50  urban  dB  69.55  26.26log  fc   13.82log  h te   a  h re 
  44.9  6.55log  h te   log  d 
• L50 = the median value or 50th percentile value of the
propagation path loss.
• fc (in MHz) = the frequency (15MHz to 1500MHz)
• hte = the effective transmitter height in meters (30m - 200 m)
• hre = the effective transmitter height in meters (1m to 10 m)
• d = the T-R separation in Km
• (hre) = the correction factor for effective mobile (i.e.,
receiver) antenna height which is a function of the size of the
coverage area
Hata Model: a(hre)
For a Medium sized city, correction factor is :
a  h re   1.1log  f c   0.7  h re  1.56log  f c   0.8  dB
For a Large city, correction factor is given by:
a  h re   8.29  log 1.54h re    1.1

2
dB for fc  300MHz
a  h re   3.2  log 11.75h re    4.97

2
dB for fc  300MHz
Hata Model
 Path loss in suburban area, the equation is
modified as
L 50  dB  L50  urban   2 log  f c / 28  5.4
2
 For path loss in open rural areas, the

formula is modified as
L 50  dB  L50  urban   4.78 log  f c   18.33log  f c   40.94
2
 Hata Model is well-suited for Large cell

mobile systems
PCS Extension to Hata Model
An extended version of the Hata model developed
by COST-231 working committee for 2 GHz range.
The COST Hata model is a radio propagation
model (i.e. path loss) that extends the urban Hata
model (which in turn is based on the Okumura
model) to cover a more elaborated range of
frequencies (up to 2 GHz).
COST (COopération européenne dans le domaine de
la recherche Scientifique et Technique) is a European
Union Forum for cooperative scientific research.
PCS Extension to Hata Model in Urban Area

𝑳𝟓𝟎 𝑼𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝑩
= 𝟒𝟔. 𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑. . 𝟗𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒄 − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒉𝒕𝒆 − 𝒂 𝒉𝒓𝒆 + 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗 − 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒉𝒕
For a Medium Sized City:
𝒂 𝒉𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒉𝒓𝒆 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒅𝑩
CM=0 dB for medium sized city and suburban areas, CM=3 dB for metropolitan centers
 fc is the frequency (1500MHz to 2000 MHz)
 hte is the effective transmitter height in meters
(30m to 200 m)
 hre is the effective transmitter height in meters
(1m to 10 m)
 d is the T-R separation in Km (1 Km to 20 Km)
 CM=0 dB for medium sized city and suburban
areas,
 CM=3 dB for metropolitan centers
 Limitations
This model requires that the base station antenna is
higher than all adjacent rooftops.
 Applicable to / under conditions
This model is applicable to macro cells in urban
areas. To further evaluate Path Loss in suburban or
rural (quasi-)open areas, this path loss has to be
substituted into Urban to Rural / Urban to
Suburban Conversions.
Puzzle
Walfisch-Ikegami Propagation
Model
 This semi-empirical model is a
combination of the models from J.
Walfisch and F. Ikegami. It was further
developed by the COST 231 project.
 It is now called Empirical COST-
Walfisch-Ikegami Model.
The main parameters of the model are:
 Frequency f (800...2000 MHz)

 Height of the transmitter hTX (4...50 m)
 Height of the receiver hRX (1...3 m)
 Distance d between transmitter and receiver
(20...5000 m)
 Parameters depending on the buildings in the
vertical plane between transmitter and receiver:
 Mean value of building heights hROOF
 Mean value of widths of streets w
 Mean value of building separation b

 This LOS equation is similar to the free space
loss equation.
 It was modified after evaluating measurements in
European cities.
 If the distance is d = 20 m , the loss is almost
equal to the free space loss at the same distance.
 The following graph shows the comparison
between free space loss and the transmission loss
with the LOS equation over the full range of the
distance d.

Walfisch and Bertoni Model

Indoor Propagation Models
 The indoor radio channel differs from the
traditional mobile radio channel in the following
aspects
 Much smaller distances
 Much greater variability of the environment for a
much smaller range of T-R separation distances
 Difficult to ensure far-field radiation
 Propagation within buildings is strongly
influenced by specific features such as
 Building layout
 Construction materials
 Building type
 Open/Closed doors
 Locations of antennas
Partition Losses (Same Floor)
Edition”, T. S. Rappaport,
Prentice Hall, 2001
Partition Losses between Floors
Prentice Hall, 2001
1) Log-Distance Pathloss Model
 We wish to predict large scale coverage using

analytical and empirical (field data) methods
 It has been repeatedly measured and found that
Pr @ Rx decreases logarithmically with distance.
∴ PL (d) (d / do )n
where n : path loss exponent or
PL (dB) = PL (do ) + 10 n log (d / do )
2) Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
Upper bound on
Lower bound the path-loss
on the path-
loss
Prentice Hall, 2001
Attenuation Factor Model
 This was described by Seidel S.Y. It is an in-
building propagation model that includes
 Effect of building type
 Variations caused by obstacles
 nSF represents the path-loss exponent for the same floor

measurements
 FAF represents the floor attenuation factor
 PAF represents the partition attenuation factor for a
specific obstruction encountered by a ray drawn between
the transmitter and receiver
Attenuation Factor Model
 FAF may be replaced by an exponent that
accounts for the effects of multiple floor
separation
 nMF represents the path-loss exponent

based on measurements through multiple
floors
Example of Reflection in Indoor Models
All Ray Paths for LoS, Single and Double Reflections between Tx1 and RX
Tx1
Rx Tx2
 There are 16 match-sticks used to create the
figure below. You have to pick only 3 match-
sticks and place anywhere in the same figure to
convert 5 squares to only 4 squares.


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Link Budget and

Channels: Large-Scale Path-loss

Topographical terrain data is used extensively to predict propagation

PL (d): Average path-loss for an arbitrary separation

Environment Path-Loss Exponent n

PL (d): Path-loss model for an arbitrary separation d

 PCS extension to Hata Model

 Walfisch and Bertoni

 This model is applicable for frequencies ranging from 150

 It can cover distances from 1 km to 100 km and it can be

 The model is based on empirical data collected in detailed

L50  dB  LF  Amu  f ,d   G  h te   G  h re   GAREA

 L50 = the median value or 50th percentile value of

a  h re   1.1log  f c   0.7  h re  1.56log  f c   0.8  dB

For a Large city, correction factor is given by:

a  h re   8.29  log 1.54h re    1.1

a  h re   3.2  log 11.75h re    4.97

 For path loss in open rural areas, the

 Hata Model is well-suited for Large cell

For a Medium Sized City:

𝒂 𝒉𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒉𝒓𝒆 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒅𝑩

 Frequency f (800...2000 MHz)

 We wish to predict large scale coverage using

PL (dB) = PL (do ) + 10 n log (d / do )

 nSF represents the path-loss exponent for the same floor

 nMF represents the path-loss exponent

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