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Entropy, and
Free Energy
Enthalpy
H – heat lost or absorbed
in a chemical reaction
+ H – endothermic
absorbs heat
- H – exothermic
gives off heat
Entropy
A measure of the disorder, or
randomness, in a chemical
reaction
Entropy and Phase
Gases – most disorder
Liquid – less disorder
Solid – little disorder
S = Sfinal - Sinitial
We will not do calculations but just look
at signs:
+ S – products more disordered
than reactants
- S – products less disorder than
reactants
What would be the sign of S for the following:
high disorder (+ S)
It will always be SPONTANEOUS
because it is getting everything it
wants! So G will be negative!
2. A reaction results in
high energy (+ H)
low disorder (- S)
It will always be
NONSPONTANEOUS because it
is getting nothing it wants! So G
will be positive.
3. A reaction results in
low energy (- H)
low disorder (- S)
One is good and one is bad so
temperature is going to be
important. In order for this
reaction to be spontaneous, the
temperature will have to be LOW.
4. A reaction results in
high energy (+ H)
high disorder (+ S)
One is good and one is bad so
temperature is going to be
important. In order for this
reaction to be spontaneous, the
temperature will have to be HIGH.
Summary of Spontaneity
Scenario H S High T Low T
1 - + Spontaneous at
all Temps!!! - G
2 + - Nonspontaneous at
all Temps!!! + G
3 NonSp! Spont!
- - + G - G
4 Spont! NonSp!
+ + - G + G
H=
H=
S=
S=
T=
T=
G=
G=