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Electrical Machines

EE-260

Instructor: Dr Mehmood Alam


Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals
National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
DC Machines
5. Production of Induced Force on a
Current Carrying Wire
The force induced on the conductor is: F  i(l  B)
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: F  ilBSin
The thumb, forefinger, and middle finger Direction of l defined to be in
of the right hand are extended at right the direction of current flow
angles to each other.

“If the index finger of right hand


points in the direction of the vector l
and the middle finger points in the
direction of flux density vector B,
then the thumb points in the
direction of the resultant force F on
the wire.”
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Example 1-7:
The Figure shows a wire carrying a current in the presence of magnetic field. The
magnetic flux density is 0.25 T directed into the page. If the wire is 1.0 m long and
carries 0.5 A of current in the direction from top of the page to the bottom of the page,
what are the magnitude and direction of force induced on the wire.

Solution
The direction of the force is given by the
right-hand rule as being to the right.

The magnitude is given by

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6. Production of Induced Voltage on a
Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field
The Voltage induced in a wire moving in the
magnetic field is: eind  (v  B).l
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: Vector l points along the direction of
The thumb, forefinger, and middle finger the wire toward the end making the
of the right hand are extended at right smallest angle with respect to the
angles to each other. vector v X B

“ If the index finger points in the


direction of flux, and the thumb
indicates the movement of conductor,
then the middle finger shows the
direction of emf induced in the
conductor”

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Example 1-9:
Figure shows a conductor moving with velocity of 10 m/s to the right in the presence
of a magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5 T out of the page, and the wire is 1.0 m
long, oriented as shown. What are the magnitude and polarity of the resulting induced
voltage.
Solution
The direction of the quantity v X B is
downward. The wire is not oriented on an
up-down line, so choose the direction of l
as shown to make the smallest possible
angle with the direction of v X B. The
voltage is positive at the bottom of the wire
with respect to the top of the wire.

The magnitude of the voltage is:

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Chapter # 7
DC Machinery
Fundamentals

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Direct Current (DC) Machines Fundamentals

• Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it


moves through a magnetic field.
• Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that has a current
going through it and placed in a magnetic field.
• Any DC machine can act either as a generator or as a motor.

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An Introduction to DC Machines
• Most DC machines are like ac machines in the sense that
they have ac voltages and currents within them.

• DC machines have a dc output only because a mechanism


exists that converts the internal ac voltages to dc voltages
at their terminals.

• Since this mechanism is called Commutator, dc


machinery is also know as Commutating Machinery.

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7.1: Simplest rotating dc machine

 It consists of a single loop of


wire rotating about a fixed
axis.
 The rotating part is called
rotor, and the stationary part is
the stator.
 The magnetic field for the
machine is supplied by the
magnetic north and south
poles. With uniform air gap,
the reluctance is same under
the pole faces.

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7.1: Simplest rotating dc machine
• Since the magnetic flux must take the shortest path through the
air, it is perpendicular to the rotor surface everywhere under the
pole faces.
• Also, since the air-gap is of uniform width, the reluctance is the
same everywhere under the pole faces.
• The uniform reluctance means that the magnetic flux density is
constant everywhere under the pole faces.

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7.1: The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
• If the rotor is rotated, a voltage
will be induced in the wire
loop.
• The voltage on each segment
is given by eind = (v X B) . l
• The total induced voltage on
the loop is: eind = 2vBl

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7.1: The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop

 When the loop rotates


through 180°,
Segment ab is under
the opposite pole face The resulting voltage etot
The direction of the
voltage on the
segment reverses
Its magnitude
remains constant

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7.1: The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
• The induced voltage equation can be expressed alternatively
as v  r
2
 2 r  Bl  AP B
under the pole faces 
 e ind  under the pole faces
eind   0

0 beyond the pole faces
beyond the pole faces
  AP B
2
 

e ind  under the pole faces
0

beyond the pole faces

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Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop

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Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop

Armature windings are used to convert


pulsating DC to steady DC voltage
Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop
• Using a mechanism called commutator and brushes
dc voltage can be obtained from ac voltage
•At the instant when the
voltage in the loop is zero, the
contacts short-circuit the two
segments

•Every time the voltage of the


loop switches direction, the
contacts also switches
connections
This connection-switching process is known as
commutation 17
Commutator
7.1: Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
• Battery is connected to the machine.
• The force and the torque on a segment of the loop is
given by

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7.1: Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop

• The resulting induced torque on the loop is given by:

 ind   ab   bc   cd   da
2rilB under the pole face
 ind 
0 beyond the pole face
AP  rl , and   AP B
2
 i under the pole face
 ind  
0 beyond the pole face

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Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop

• In general, the torque in any real machine will


depend on the same 3 factors:

1. The flux in the machine


2. The current in the machine
3. A constant representing the construction of the
machine.

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CCW
Example 7-1 Figure 7-6

Resistor models the total resistances of the battery and the wire.
1m 0.5 m
The physical dimensions and characteristics of this machine are
r = 0.5 m
l = 1m
R =0.3 
B = 0.25 T
VB = 120 V

(a) What happens when the switch is closed?


Solution:
Before closing the switch - Loop is stationary eind = 0 0
VB  eind VB  120  400 A
i 
R R 0. 3
2
i-produces a Torque in the loop: ind  i CCW

This Torque produces an angular acceleration in a CCW direction– hence eind increases 22
Example 7-1

r = 0.5 m R =0.3  VB = 120 V


L = 1m B = 0.25 T

(b) (i) Max Starting current ? (ii) steady state  (angular velocity) at no load?
0
Solution:
VB  eind VB 120
(i) At start loop eind = 0 i    400 A
R R 0. 3

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(ii) At NO-Load steady state condition 𝜏ind = 0  ind  i i=0  VB = eind

VB VB
 
2    2r L B
120 V
  480 rad / s
2(0.5m)(1m)( 0.25T ) 23
(c) Suppose a load is attached to the loop, and the resulting load torque is 10 Nm.
(i) What is the new steady-state speed? At NO-LOAD (load =0)  =480 rad/sec
Solution: 2
Speed slow (↓) down as the load torque (load=10Nm) is applied; e ind     

VB  eind  2
i   ind   i  at a lower speed till ind  load
R 
2  ind  ind
ind  i i  2
 


2 
r L B
NO-LOAD
e =120
WITH LOAD
e =108V ind ind
10 Nm
i  40 A I=0 I = 40 A
2(0.5m)(1m)( 0.25T)
load=0 load=10Nm

eind = VB - iR eind = 120 V– (40A)().3) =108V  = 480  = 432

e ind 108 V
    432 rad / s
2r LB 2(0.5m)(1m)( 0.25T )
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(c) Suppose a load is attached to the loop, and the resulting load torque is 10 Nm.
(ii) How much power is supplied to the shaft of the machine.

Solution:
The power supplied to shaft Pshaft = 

Pshaft = (10 N.M) (432 rad/s) =4320 W

(iii) How much power is being supplied by the


battery

PBattery = VB i

PBatteryt = (120)(40A) = 4800 W


40A
(iv) Is this machine a motor or generator
PBattery > PShaft Motor Action

Motor Action: Converting electrical energy


into mechanical energy
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(d) Suppose a load torque of 7.5 Nm is applied to the loop shaft in the direction of rotation.
What is the new steady-state speed? Is the machine M/R or G/R?

Solution: Speed increases () as the load torque (load


=7.5Nm) is applied to the shaft in the direction of rotation.
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e ind      Hence eind>VBattery

VB  eind  Generator
i  eind>VBattery current start flowing from loop into the battery Pshaft > PBattery
R Action
This current induces torque in opposite direction to the
external torque.

 ind
i 
 
2


7.5 N.m
i  30 A
2(0.5m)(1m)( 0.25T)
eind = VB - iR e = 120 V– (30A)().3) =129V
ind

e ind 129 V
    516 rad / s
2r LB 2(0.5m)(1m)( 0.25T ) 26
(e) Suppose the machine is running unloaded. What would the final steady-state speed of the
rotor (loop) be if the flux density (B) were reduced to 0.20 T?

Solution: the unloaded steady-state speed ( = 480 rad/s) form part (b).

What do you think about the new speed ? i.e more/less than 480 rad/sec ?

eind  VB 120 V
    600 rad / s
2r L B 2(0.5m)(1m)( 0.20 T)

NOTE: When flux in the machine is decreased, its speed increases. Why?  Assignment 2
Question no 1
Please note, both for motors and generators this phenomena is very important

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