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*A token is a small data packet that is passed from node to node. There is only one token, and a node
can transmit one chunk of data only if it has the token. This system guarantees that each node gets a
turn to send data.
Levels of a Network : Device Level
• A device-level network is used to connect low-level
devices such as sensors and actuators to a PLC.
• Traditionally, individual sensors are connected
directly to the PLC
• Why a network Bus?
Levels of a Network : Device Level
1. A device network simplifies
wiring; many new cars use a
device network to connect
electrical devices (locks,
controls, and the like); this
reduces the amount of
wiring needed.
Management of connections
5 Session (e.g. ISO 8326)
Application 7 7
Presentation 6 6
Session 5 5
Transport 4 4
Network 3 3
Link 2 2
1 1
Physical
Physical Medium
Encapsulation
INFO Application
User information
NetAdr Session
Network address
Transport
Link control LinkCrt
(Ack, Token, etc.)
Link-address LinkAdr Network
Signal
4. What is encapsulation ?
Link establishment and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link
between two nodes.
Frame traffic control: tells the transmitting node to "back-off" when no frame buffers
are available.
Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames sequentially.
Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and
recovers from errors that occur in the physical layer by retransmitting non-
acknowledged frames and handling duplicate frame receipt.
Frame delimiting: creates and recognizes frame boundaries.
Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity.
Media access management: determines when the node "has the right" to use the
physical medium.
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding which physical path
the data should take based on network conditions, priority of service, and other
factors. It provides: