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Introduction
Lecture 4
Properties of Fluids
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 2 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Introduction
Intensive properties and
Extensive properties
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 3 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Continuum
Atoms are widely spaced in the
gas phase.
However, we can disregard the
atomic nature of a substance.
View it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no
holes, that is, a continuum.
This allows us to treat properties
as smoothly varying quantities.
Continuum is valid as long as
size of the system is large in
comparison to distance between
molecules.
D of O2 molecule = 3x10-10 m In this text we limit our
consideration to substances that
mass of O2 = 5.3x10-26 kg can be modeled as a continuum.
Mean free path = 6.3x10-8 m
at 1 atm pressure and 20°C
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 4 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density and Specific Gravity
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume = m/V.
Density has units of kg/m3 [ML-3]
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 5 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density and Specific Gravity
Specific gravity , or relative density is defined as the ratio
of the density of a substance to the density of some
standard substance at a specified temperature (usually
water at 4°C), i.e., SG=/H20. SG is a dimensionless
quantity.
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 6 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density and Specific Gravity
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 7 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density and Specific Gravity
Practical Applications
Separation Process
Sedimentation
Gas washing
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 8 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density of Ideal Gases
Pv=RT or P = R T
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 9 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density of Ideal Gases
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 10 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density of Ideal Gases
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 11 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density of Ideal Gases
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 12 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density of Ideal Gases
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 13 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Density of Ideal Gases
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 14 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 15 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 16 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
Vapor Pressure Pv is defined as the
pressure exerted by its vapor in
phase equilibrium with its liquid at a
given temperature
Partial pressure is defined as the
pressure of a gas or vapor in a
mixture with other gases.
If P drops below Pv, liquid is locally
vaporized, creating cavities of vapor.
Vapor cavities collapse when local P
rises above Pv.
Collapse of cavities is a violent
process which can damage
machinery.
Cavitation is noisy, and can cause
structural vibrations.
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 17 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 18 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Coefficient of Compressibility
Fluids expand as T ↑ or P ↓
Fluids contract as T ↓ or P ↑
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 19 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Coefficient of Compressibility
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 20 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Coefficient of Compressibility
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 21 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Coefficient of Compressibility
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 23 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Viscosity
Viscosity is a
property that
represents the internal
resistance of a fluid to
motion.
The force a flowing
fluid exerts on a body
in the flow direction is
called the drag force,
and the magnitude of
this force depends, in
part, on viscosity.
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 24 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Viscosity
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 25 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Viscosity
db tan db = da/ ℓ = Vdt/ℓ = (du/dy)dt
Rearranging
du/dy= dbdt db/dt or du/dy
Fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional to the shear
stress are called Newtonian fluids, such as water, air, gasoline, and
oils. Blood and liquid plastics are examples of non-Newtonian fluids.
In one-dimensional flow, shear stress for Newtonian fluid:
= du/dy
)is the dynamic viscosity and has units of kg/m·s, N.s/m2, Pa·s, or
poise(10 P = N.s/m2) . [ML-1T-1]
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 26 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Viscosity
Non-Newtonian vs. Newtonian Fluid
The fluid is non-Newtonian if the relation between shear stress and shear
strain rate is non-linear
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 27 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Viscosity
0.5 m
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 29 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Viscosity-Examples
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 30 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Surface Tension
Surface tension is a property of liquids which is felt at the interface
between the liquid and another fluid (typically a gas).
Surface tension has dimensions of force per unit length, and always
acts parallel to the interface.
Surface molecules are subject to an attractive force from nearby
surface molecules so that the surface is in a state of tension.
A soap bubble is a good example to illustrate the effects of surface
tension.
How does a soap bubble remain spherical in shape? The answer is
that there is a higher pressure inside the bubble than outside, much
like a balloon.
In fact, surface tension in the soap film acts much the same as the
tension in the skin of a balloon.
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 31 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Surface Tension
Liquid droplets behave like small
spherical balloons filled with
liquid, and the surface of the
liquid acts like a stretched elastic
membrane under tension.
The pulling force that causes this
is
due to the attractive forces
between molecules
called surface tension s.
Attractive force on surface
molecule is not symmetric.
Repulsive forces from interior
molecules causes the liquid to
minimize its surface area and
attain a spherical shape.
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 32 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Surface Tension
s = F/2b
The change of
surface energy =
W = Force Distance
=F ∆x =2bs ∆x
=s ∆A
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 33 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Surface Tension
A).Droplet:
B).Bubble:
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 34 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Surface Tension
The pressure difference of a droplet due to surface tension
dWsurface = dWexpansion
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 35 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Capillary Effect
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 36 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Capillary Effect
Force balance can describe
magnitude of capillary rise.
W = mg = Vg = g(R2h)
W = Fsurface
→ g(R2h) = 2Rs cos
Capillary rise:
→ h = 2s cos gR
(R = constant)
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 37 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Capillary Effect
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 38 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
10:20
Capillary Effect
EXAMPLE 2–5 The Capillary Rise of Water in a Tube
A 0.6-mm-diameter glass tube is inserted into water at
20°C in a cup. Determine the capillary rise of water in
the tube (Fig. 2–27).
Properties The surface tension of water at 20°C is
0.073 N/m (Table 2–3). The contact angle of water with
glass is 0° (from preceding text). We take the density of
liquid water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Capillary rise:
Note that if the tube diameter were 1 cm, the capillary rise would be 3 mm.
Actually, the capillary rise in a large-diameter tube occurs only at the rim.
Therefore, the capillary effect can be ignored for large-diameter tubes.
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 39 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Pressure and Fluid Statics
Pressure
Pressure on diver at
1
100 ft?
� kg �� m� � 1m �
Pgage ,2 = gz = �
998 3 �
� 100 ft �
9.81 2 � �
� m � � s � �3.28 ft �
� 1atm �
= 298.5kPa � �= 2.95atm
100 ft � 101.325 kPa �
Pabs ,2 = Pgage ,2 + Patm = 2.95atm + 1atm = 3.95atm
Danger of emergency
2 ascent?
1 1 = PV
PV 2 2 Boyle’s law
V1 P2 3.95atm
If you hold your breath on ascent, your lung = = �4
V2 P1 1atm
volume would increase by a factor of 4, which
would result in embolism and/or death.
Pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases
the pressure throughout
by the same amount.
In picture, pistons are at
same height:
F1 F2 F2 A2
P1 = P2 � = � =
A1 A2 F1 A1
An elevation change of
z in a fluid at rest
corresponds to P/g.
A device based on this is
called a manometer.
A manometer consists of
a U-tube containing one
or more fluids such as
mercury, water, alcohol,
or oil.
Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if large
P1 = P2 pressure differences are
P2 = Patm + gh anticipated.
Patm = gh
ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 55 Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Fluid Statics
Example of elevation
head z converted to
velocity head V2/2g.
We'll discuss this in
more detail by
(Bernoulli equation).