FILTER MEDIA

Contents
1. Why Filtration
2. Filter Media
3. Filter Media Selection
4. Types of Filter Media
5. Check Points of Filter Media
6. Technical Data
1. Why Filtration ?
Filtration Required to capture the Dust particle from
contaminated matter (Air or Fluid).
If Filtered Medium(Air or Fluid) is not Giving to
Combustion Engine , it’s Effect on Overall Engine
Performances.
With the Filtration Process we found Benefits
 Engine Efficiency Increase
 Overall Engine Life Increase.
 Decrease in Maintenance Cost.
 Prevent Dust particle go to Engine.
Dust Particles

Dust is made of fine Particles of solid matter On Earth, it

generally consists of Particles in the atmosphere that
come from various sources such as soil, dust lifted by
wind (an Aeolian process), volcanic eruption, and
Pollution.
Dust Particle sizes are 0.5-500 microns which are
available in Environment and Passes in Engine System.
2. Filter Media
Filter Media is the Barrier which Function to the Clean
Matter (Air & Fluid) from Dirt one material. In Filtration
of any Medium it totally Depends upon the Media
Performance.
 High Retention Ability of Particles
 clean Air flow with Minimum Differential Pressure
across the Filter Media
 Higher Efficiency.
Let’s see the Filter Media how interact with the
particles/Dust in Flow of Medium by air or Fluid.
 Filter Media Mechanism
 DIRECT INTERCEPTION : Interception of particles is
common for large particles. If a large enough particle
follows the streamline, that lies very close to the media
surface it will hit the media grain and be captured.
 BROWNIAN DIFFUSION : Diffusion towards media
granules occurs for very small particles, such as viruses.
Particles move randomly about within the fluid, due to
thermal gradients. This mechanism is only important for
particles with diameters < 1 micron.
 INERTIAL IMPACTION : Attachment by inertia occurs
when larger particles move fast enough to travel off their
streamlines and bump into media grains.
3. Filter Media Selection
DUST
DIFFERENTIAL
MEDIA EFFICIENCY HOLDING COST
PRESSURE
CAPACITY
FOAM Media Low Moderate Low Low
Nonwoven Media High Moderate Low Moderate
Glass Fibre Media High High Moderate High
Cellulose Media High High Moderate Moderate
Polyester
High High Moderate High
Cellulose Media
Cotton Media Low Low Low Low
Steelmesh Low Low Low Moderate
What are the Other ways to Select
There are also other Ways to Select the Filter for
Efficiency.
 Filter Efficiency: On basis of Efficiency, if application
required for efficiency we select Cellulose
Media/Nonwoven Media/Polyester-Cellulose Media.

 Service Interval : High Efficient Filter Increase the

Service Time Interval, this Reduce the Service cost of
Engine.
 By Life : Selecting the Filter on Basis of its
Work life, for increasing the filter’s life
using following techniques
 OIL BATH: Applying Viscous oil (20W40)
on Filter Media 20-60% of filter media.
 Increase Dust Holding Capacity.
 Retention of Finer particles (Entrapped
by oil).
 Increase in Filter’s & Engine Life.

 PRE-FILTER : Using the Pre-Filter

Techniques , it’s increase the Filter’s life.
Filter Structure
In Filtration Process, Filter structure is also play
important role, It’s Effect on Air Flow rate, Pressure
on Filter , Ease of Fitment , Area of Dust Collection.
1. Cylindrical Structure : In Cylindrical Structure
has Benefits
 Uniform Air Flow Rate pass through the Filter , due
to Uniform paper pleats.
 Larger Filter Surface Area For Dust.
 Low pressure Drop.
 Easy To Clean
 Easy to Fit.
2. Flat Structure : In Flat type Structure has Benefits
 Uniform Air Flow Rate
 High Dust Loading
 Higher Efficiency
4.0 Types of Filter Media

4.1 Cellulose Fiber Media

4.2 Polyester-Cellulose Fiber Media
4.3 Nonwoven Media
4.4 Glass Fiber Media
4.5 Foam Media
4.1 CELLULOSE FIBER MEDIA
Cellulose filters are manufactured from high-quality
cotton linters, which have been treated to achieve a
minimum alpha cellulose content of 98%. These cellulose
filter papers are used for general filtration and exhibit
particle retention levels down to 1 μm. These filter media
offers a wide choice of retention/flow rate combinations to
suit numerous Filter applications Air Filter, Oil Filter, Fuel
Filter.
This also Called Natural Fiber media
Major Application area of Cellulose Filter Media is Air & Oil
Filter .
In cellulose Filter Media Also has many
types
2.1.1 Novalac Resin Base Media
a. Wet Media
b. Multilayer Filter Media.
c. Weighted Fiber Media.

2.1.2 PVA Resin Base Media.

4.1.1 Novalac Resin Base Media
In this Media ,Novalac resin is used in the Media to
bind the Cellulose fibers & providing Strength.
To the Higher flow Rates in Liquid & Air.
Easy Processabilty of Filter media During Production
Run.
It Also Helps For High Temperature processing &
Functions Mostly Helpful for Lubrication in
Combustion Engine & industrial Application.
In Cellulose Media Mostly 20-25 % Resin is Used.
A. WET Media
Wet-strengthened analytical filter papers are
manufactured from refined pulp and linters and
feature a content of α-cellulose of more than 95
%. The smooth surface of these papers allows
fiber-free filtration. They feature a high wet
strength and can also be used in the filtration of
strongly alkaline or strongly acidic solutions. Due
to their high mechanical strength in wet condition
they are particularly suited for applications, where
the residue is removed from the filter.
40-45% Resin is used Filter Media.
B. Multilayer Filter Media

In Multi-layered Filter Media this Gives the Higher

accuracy in Efficiency of Filter, More Dust Holding
Capacity & Particle Retention capacity is 99.9% more
than 0.5 micron Particle size.
This also not effect on pressure of combustion Engine.
C. Weighted Filter Media
In Cellulose media Mostly in Air , Oil & Fuel Filter
Grammage is about 100 to 200 GSM.
But Increasing the more Weightage of Cellulose fiber in
Filter and going about 220-240 GSM, it’s Increase the
Media Strength , Efficiency increase , Increase Dust
Holding Capacity, Retention Ability of Finer Particles in
Air & Oil Filter.
4.1.2 PVA RESIN MEDIA
In this Media Using the PVA Resin to Bind the Cellulose
Fiber. This is the lightweight Media , grammage of this
type media is 100-150 GSM. The Life Cycle of this Media
is More than the Novalac Resin Media due to the Resin
Content is less, 12-15 % Resin is Used in this Media.
It’s mainly Used in Air Filter Applications.
4.2 Polyester-Cellulose Fiber Media
As we Know Cellulose Media is made from Natural fiber
and Its have some Complication of that , Such As fiber
Size Not Maintain, Conventional process to Making
Cellulose Media. But using Synthetic Media overcome
with these issue.
Polyester fiber media is manufactured from multi-
directional fibers designed to provide a high dust holding
capacity. Synthetic fiber media does not release fibers
into the air during the operation making it a popular
alternative to glass fiber media in the food and
pharmaceutical industries. It can also be used in filter
cartridge applications and panel filters.
Synthetic Media made from Polyester fibers
& these are Nanofibers Sizes ( 10-100 Nm)
We Directly Not Called him as Fully Synthetic
fiber Media Because 20-40% Polyester fiber
is Used with, Cellulose Media.
4.3 Non Woven Media
A Nonwoven Filter is Porous fabric composed of random
array of fibers or filament and whose specific function is
to filter and separate phases and components of a fluid
Being transported through the medium or to support the
medium that does the separation.
The non-woven fabric can be designed with
appropriate fiber formation, mass thickness,
permeability, efficiency etc. to meet respective
requirements as near perfect as possible,
depending on the mass concentration in the
case of separation of low mass concentrations
of solid/liquid phase. Non-woven is a major
filter medium, almost 70% of total filter media
for air filtration.
Nonwovens were made out of polyester fibers
(PTE) with average fiber diameter 12 µm and
polypropylene fibers (PP) with average fiber
diameter 32 µm with Super Absorbent polymers
,such as Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose CMC are
Often incorporated.
1000 x Scanning Electron Microscope Images of Nonwoven media
4.4 Glass Fiber Media
Glass fiber allow a fast filtration and simultaneously a
very high particle retention. They are manufactured from
borosilicate glass fibers and are chemically resistant
towards most organic and inorganic solvents (except HF).
Glass fibers used in nonwoven filtration applications can
differ significantly in their physical and chemical
properties. These properties in turn affect or even control
the performance characteristics of the media in which
they are used.
Glass fiber used in filtration applications is typically
produced by either of three types of processes: (1)
continuous draw, (2) centrifugal (rotary) spinning, or (3)
flame attenuation.
600x Magnification of Glass fiber
4.5 Foam Media
Filter foam is a reticulated flexible polyester urethane foam.
Unlike ordinary urethane foam,
 It has a three dimensional structure of skeletal strands
which gives it unique filtering properties.
 It is exceptionally porous and permeable; therefore it is
ideal for many filtration applications where other foams
cannot be used.
 It Used impregnated with High Viscosity Oil. Each cell in
the medium is completely interconnected with all
surrounding cells. This allows for free passage of air and at
the same time provides high surface-area contact for
impingement of dust particles.
 The homogeneous structure of reticulated foam
helps minimize the possibility of open channels
which could drastically affect filter efficiency.
 The resilience and strength of the foam helps
prevent strand displacement under normal
operating conditions.
5.0 Properties of Filter Media
There are Following Properties to Be checked in Filter Media.
In Paper Media
3.1 Grammage 3.9 Tensile Strength
3.2 Thickness 3.10 Elongation
3.3 Air Resistance 3.11 PPI
3.4 Air Permeability 3.12 Density
3.5 Porosize
3.6 Burst Strength
3.7 Efficiency
3.8 Dust Holding Capacity
3.1 Grammage (GSM)
• The mass per unit area of all types of paper and paperboard is expressed
in terms of grams per square meter (g/m2). This quantity is commonly
called Grammage in Standard ISO 536 : 2012.
• Calculation
• Grammage : Weight of Paper in Grams
Area of paper in Meter2

3.2 Thickness
Thickness of paper is Measured with Help of Thickness Gauge. It is Expressed in terms of MM.
3.3 Air Resistance
Giving Flow of Air at Specific Constant Rate &
pressure (24 LPM) through the Specified Area (10
cm2 ) of Filter Media and the Resistance that
create by the Fibers of that media is Expressed in
terms of mmWC is called Air Resistance.

3.4 Air Permeability

Air permeability is defined as the rate of airflow
passing perpendicularly through a known area
under a prescribed air pressure differential
between the two surfaces of a material.
It Expressed in terms of L/Sec/M2.
3.5 Porosize
In Filter media Key Feature is Porosity & its Defined as
the ratio of free space to fiber in a given volume of Filter
Media. It expressed in Microns. It can measured from
Bubble Point Method with use of Methanol Fluid on Filter
Media. It has Two Measurements.
Max Pore : At Specified Area of Filter Media applying
the Air Pressure , at the Maximum pressure where first
bubble Generate from the Media, it Calculated from the
pressure to find the Max pore Size .
Calculation
Max Pore : 9174/ Pressure in mmWC
Mean Pore : At Specified Area of Filter Media
Applying the Air Pressure , when the 60% of
area is Covered with the Bubble’s , calculated
the Mean Pore Size of media through pressure.
Calculation
Mean Pore: 9174 / Pressure in mmWC
3.6 Burst Strength
A property of paper used in Filter that measures its
resistance to rupturing, defined as the hydrostatic pressure
needed to burst a paper sample when it is applied uniformly
across its side.
Bursting strength is a function of various processes
performed in the papermaking process. The increased use
of Fillers decreases bursting strength, while the increased
use of longer fibers and surface sizing increases a paper's
bursting strength.
Bursting strength is measured utilizing a rubber diaphragm
that is expanded hydraulically against the paper sample.
 3.7 Efficiency
• The most important characteristic of filter Media performance is its
efficiency. Efficiency is a measure of the ability of the filter Media to
remove dust from the air, expressed in terms of the dust concentration
upstream and downstream of the filter media. Dust concentration can be
expressed in terms of either mass or number of particles.

3.8 Dust Holding Capacity

In Filter Media its important Characteristics of Dust holding Capacity. Ability of hold the Dust/Particle/Contaminants on the Surfaces of Filter Media.
It Expressed in Terms of Grams.
3.9 Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum
amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure,
for example breaking. Generally In Foam Media use this
Test to See the Crosslinking of Open Cells. It Expressed
in Kg/cm2. As per Standard IS :7888

3.10 Elongation
During the Tensile Force material changes or Extend from
its Original Position/Size. The Percentage of changes or
Extended Size Divided by the Original Size is Called the
Elongation. It Expressed in %. For Foam Media use this
for Foam Flexibility. As per IS : 7888
3.11 Pore Per Inch PPI
This test Specific for Foam Media , to Check the Porosity
of foam, Wide range of PPI Foam is available but in
Filter Application 40-80 PPI generally used.
As its name , Pore Per inch is In a Linear line Pore/Holes
in a Foam Media at per Inch. It measured by Pore Cell
Counter.
3.12 Density
Density is a characteristic property of a substance.
The density of a substance is the relationship between
the mass of the substance and how much space it takes
up (volume). The mass of atoms, their size, and how they
are arranged determine the density of a substance.
6. TECHNICAL DATA

6.1 Cellulose Media Technical data for Air Application

Grammage (GSM) 180 ± 10

Thickness (MM) 0.9 ±0.1
Air Resistance (mmWC) 18-22
Air Permeability (l/sec/M2) 400-500
Max Pore (µm) 90-100
Mean Pore (µm) 80-90
Burst Strength (kg/cm²) 2.5
Efficiency 99%
Resin Content 18-22 %
6.2 Cellulose Media Technical data For Oil
Application
Grammage (GSM) 135 ± 10
Thickness (MM) 0.6 ±0.1
Air Resistance (mmWC) 22-30
Air Permeability (l/sec/M2) 250-350
Max Pore (µm) 75-85
Mean Pore (µm) 65-75
Burst Strength (kg/cm²) 2.5
Efficiency 95%
Resin Content 16-20 %
6.3 Cellulose Media Technical data for Fuel
Application
Grammage (GSM) 125 ± 10
Thickness (MM) 0.45-0.55
Air Resistance (mmWC) 80-60
Air Permeability (l/sec/M2) 100-150
Max Pore (µm) 65-75
Mean Pore (µm) 55-65
Burst Strength (kg/cm²) 2.5
Efficiency 95%
Resin Content 15-18 %
6.4 Polyester-Cellulose Fiber Media Technical
data for Air Application
Grammage (GSM) 180 ± 10
Thickness (MM) 0.75-0.85
Air Resistance (mmWC) 20-24
Air Permeability (l/sec/M2) 350-400
Max Pore (µm) 85-95
Mean Pore (µm) 75-85
Burst Strength (kg/cm²) 2.5
Efficiency 99%
Resin Content 18-22 %
6.5 Nonwoven Media Technical Data for Air
Application
For Fine Grade (Class F)

Grammage (GSM) 180-220

Thickness (MM) 3-5 mm
Air Resistance (mmWC) 16-24
Air Permeability (l/sec/M2) 350-500
Max Pore (µm) 95-115
Mean Pore (µm) 75-95
Burst Strength (kg/cm²) 8
Efficiency 95%
6.6 Foam Media Technical Data for Air
Application

Tensile Strength (kg/cm²) 1.5 - 2

Elongation (%) 150 - 300
Pore (PPI) 40-80
Density (Kg/M³) 26-30
Thickness (mm) 5-25
 Air flow Vs Differential Pressure
140

Cellulose Media
120
Differential Pressure mmWC

100 Nonwoven Media

80

Foam Media
60

40

20

0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1
Air Flow m/s
Cellulose Media Differential Pressure Nonwoven Media Differential Pressure Foam Differential Pressure
 Dust vs Differential Pressure
70
FOAM MEDIA
60
OIL BATH
50 CELLULOSE MEDIA
Dust in Gms

40
NONWOVEN MEDIA
30
CELLULOSE
20 MEDIA

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Differential Pressure mmWC
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