KEBUMIAN (GEOLOGI,

GEOFISIKA, GEOMORFOLOGI,
ASTRONOMI)

OLEH
ADI SUSILO , phd
(UGM, UGM, James Cook University)
Geoscientist
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG
Disampaikan dalam rangka ToT
Guru Pembimbing Olimpiade
Sains
Hotel
12/23/2019 10:15 PM
Royal Orchid dan
Purnama Batu,
Astronomi dan bencana iklim
Sugeng Riyanto, PhD
(UB, Curtin, Curtin)

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 Apa?
• Geologi
• Mineral
• Batuan beku
• Batuan sedimen
• Batuan Metamorf
• Gunungapi
• Plate Tectonic
• Struktur Geologi
• Gempa bumi
• Magnetik, gravity, kelistrikan, electromagnetik dll

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 Plate Tectonics
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Adi Susilo
 Lecture Outline
• Plate tectonics paradigm
• Plate tectonics as we understand it today
• Driving mechanisms
• Plate boundaries

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Science Revolutions or Paradigm
Shifts
Physics: Newtonian Mechanics, Relativity,
Quantum Mechanics

Biology: Evolution by Natural Selection, DNA

Chemistry: Atoms and elements, Electron shell

theory, Thermodynamics

Geology: Plate Tectonics

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Continental Drift: Pre-Plate
Tectonics Thinking
• Proposed by Alfred Wegener in
1912, using analogue of drifting ice
sheets
• Fit of continents
• Matching of fossils and rock
formations across oceans
• Concept largely rejected because no
mechanism could be identified
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 Geographic Fit of
the Continents and
Matching Rock Units

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Matching Fossils on Opposite Sides
of the Atlantic

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Theory of Plate Tectonics – Missing
Mechanism Discovered in the Oceans

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The Seafloor as Magnetic Tape Recorder
• During and after WWII, it was discovered that a
magnetic field was recorded in the ocean floor
• The magnetic polarity was symmetric on either
side of sub-sea volcanic ridges
• Volcanic ridges were discovered to be
spreading centers where new oceanic
lithosphere was created
• “Sea-floor spreading” provided the mechanism
for continental drift

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Geodynamic System of the Earth: Magnetic Field

• Periodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field

• Recorded in lava flows as they solidify

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Recorded and Dated Polarity Reversals

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Creation of Magnetic Record at Sea-Floor
Spreading Centers

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 The Ocean Drilling Project
Dating of oceanic
crust and overlying
sediment collected
during ocean
drilling revealed
that the crust is
youngest close to
mid-ocean ridges,
becomes
progressively older
farther away from
the ridge

JOIDES Resolution
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Age of Oceanic Crust – Symmetrical About Mid-
Ocean Ridges (Spreading Centers)

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More Discoveries
• Continents and oceans exist within larger
“plates”
• Plates
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10:15 PM in relationship to each other
Plate Tectonics as We Understand it Today

• Plates comprise the rigid lithosphere of the

Earth
• Lithosphere rides on top of the plastic
asthenosphere because of density
differences
• New lithosphere is created at the mid-
oceanic spreading centers
• Lithosphere is also destructed (melted) –
the Earth is not getting bigger
• Variety of boundaries between plates
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 Rates of Plate Motion

Mostly obtained from dated magnetic “stripes”

on the seafloor
Fast spreading: 10 cm/year (a little less than
4”/year)
Slow spreading: 3 cm/year (a little over 1”/year)

How fast is this? How far would a fast moving

plate go in your lifetime? In a million years?
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Today, GPS allows us to measure plate motions
almost in real time

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Modern plate motions measured using GPS match
the motions predicted from geologic record
extremely well.

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Over 200 million years ago, all the continents
were assembled into one “super-continent”-
Pangea

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By ~150 Ma, the continents had started to break
apart. The Atlantic ocean was born where rifting
occurred.

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Rifting and seafloor spreading continued…

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…and continues today.

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 Questions?

What drives plate tectonics?

Do all planets have plate tectonics?

What happens at plate boundaries?

Does anything happen within a plate?

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Driving Mechanism of Plate
Tectonics

• Thought to be convection of the mantle

• Push, pull or drag? How does
convection in the mantle translate into
plate motion?

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 Plate Tectonics
- Convection Driven

Deep internal
heat source –
mostly
radioactive
decay
Cold, dense Hot, buoyant
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 Two Models of Mantle Convection

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 Do All Planets Have Plate Tectonics?

• Only planets with sufficient internal heat source to

cause convection should have plate tectonics

• Plate tectonics absent on Mars and the Moon

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As plates age, they cool and become denser.
Plate movements are driven mostly by the pull of
sinking plates at subduction zones.

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 What Happens at Plate Boundaries?

• Discovery – Most earthquakes occur at plate

boundaries

• Discovery – Most volcanoes occur at plate

boundaries

• Three possible motions along plate boundaries

– Construction/divergence (spreading centers)
– Destruction/convergence
– Conservative/transform/strike-slip

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Earthquake Locations

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Volcanic Activity

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Three Main Types of Plate Boundaries

Transform Divergent Convergent

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Divergent Boundaries
• Divergent boundaries occur at
zones of upwelling mantle
• Produces new oceanic
lithosphere
• Volcanism and shallow earthquakes
• Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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Divergent Plate Boundary
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 Divergent Plate Boundaries

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Fig. 2.8
Conservative Boundaries

• Conservative margins are found

where two plates slide past each
other
• Usually areas of frequent shallow
earthquakes, but little volcanism

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The San Andreas fault is a classic example of a
conservative or transform plate boundary

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Convergent Boundaries
• The heavier (usually older) plate sinks beneath the lighter
plate = SUBDUCTION
• Subduction is associated with volcanic islands, deep ocean
trenches, coastal mountain ranges and earthquakes

(Ocean-Ocean) (Ocean-
Continent)
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Three Types of Convergent Boundaries

ocean–ocean Japan
ocean–continent Andes
continent–continent Himalaya

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 Convergent Boundaries
• Relative densities are important:
continental crust ≈ 2.8 g/cm3
oceanic crust ≈ 3.2 g/cm3
asthenosphere ≈ 3.3 g/cm3

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Ocean-ocean plate boundary = Island arc

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Ocean-continent plate boundary = Continental arc

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 Continent–Continent
• In ocean-ocean and ocean–continent
boundaries, collision convergence is
taken up by subduction of the denser
plate
• In continent–continent boundaries,
both plates are too light to be
subducted

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Continent-Continent Collision

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How do volcanic islands like Hawaii form?

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 Summary
Plate tectonics provides an explanation for the
global distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes,
and mountain ranges

The Earth’s internal “heat engine” is the

driving force behind plate tectonics and the
constant reworking of the Earth’s surface

Plate tectonic reworking of the Earth’s surface

impacts the hydrosphere, atmosphere and
biosphere
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