Effect of

irregularities on
Seismic Regularities
HIGH RISE BUILDING-INTRODUCTION
 High rise building is a tall building whose height is
decided by jurisdictions.
 Some other definitions are as follows:
 A building whose height can have serious impact
on evacuation.(International conference on fire
safety in high rise building)
 For most purposes the cutoff point for high rise
building is around seven. Sometimes the definitions is
stated in terms of linear height inspite of stories.
contd

 A high rise building is also defined as building

whose height extends fire fighting equipments.
Pyramid of Giza(2560){142m}
Lincoln Catheral (1311){160m}
Tapei 101
Observatory(1999){57.3m}
Burj Khalifa(2004){828m}
Response spectrum method

 Response-spectrum analysis (RSA) is a linear-dynamic

statistical analysis method which measures the
contribution from each natural mode of vibration to
indicate the likely maximum seismic response of an
essentially elastic structure. Response-spectrum analysis
provides insight into dynamic behavior by measuring
pseudo-spectral acceleration, velocity, or displacement
as a function of structural period for a given time history
and level of damping. It is practical to envelope
response spectra such that a smooth curve represents
the peak response for each realization of structural
period.
Damping and RSA

 RSA provides insight into how damping affects

structural response. A family of response curves
may be developed with variable levels of
damping. As damping increases, response
spectra shifts downward.
 RSA provides insight into how damping affects
structural response. A family of response curves
may be developed with variable levels of
damping. As damping increases, response
spectra shifts downward.
Further Extending

 All response quantities are positive, therefore RSA is

not suitable for torsional irregularity. A static lateral-
load procedure is best for measuring accidental
torsion. The same applies when considering uplift
and compression during foundation design.
 Eigen vectors use the full stiffness and mass matrices,
which also account for vertical modes. Eigen
formulation is useful when considering floor vibration,
out-of-plane vibration of shear-wall systems, etc.
Eigen application is also useful for locating modeling
errors.
Knowlegde about RSA

 DBE and MCE are seismic design parameters for

building code design. They are derived on
based on statistical analysis of past seismicity
data.
 MCE or Maximum considered earthquake
defines the peak horizontal acceleration with 2%
exceedance in 50 years.
contd

 DBE or Design basis earthquake defines the peak

horizontal accelerationswith 10% prabability of
exceedance in 50 years.
 Determining MCE and DBE is a part of routine
probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for site.
 Response-spectrum analysis is useful for design decision-
making because it relates structural type-selection to
dynamic performance. Structures of shorter period
experience greater acceleration, whereas those of
longer period experience greater displacement.
 Scale factor is ratio of I(Importance factor)*g to
2R(Reduction Factor)
contd

 During response-spectrum analysis, loading is applied to the entire

structure, though sub-grade modes will have much higher
frequencies, providing minimal contribution to modal response.
However, the mass participation of subgrade levels may be
subtracted from the total mass.
 Response-spectrum analysis generates the likely maximum response
that a structure may experience in either direction. The deflected
shape for a linear-add load combination which contains a
response-spectrum load case will display either the minimum or
maximum displacements, depending on which has the greater
absolute value. Depending on the sign of loads within the load
combination, displacement may be in the positive or negative
direction,even for adjacent joints.
Exploring Earthqukes

 Alfred Wegner proposed tectonics plates theory

in about 1960s.

 Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-

building, and oceanic trench formation occur
along these plate boundaries (or faults).
 Sea floor spreading was also explained using this
theory.
contd

 Evidence from fossils, glaciers, and

complementary coastlines helps reveal how the
plates once fit together.
BUT

 But recently when NASA denied India the soil

from moon ISRO created it from rocks found in
Tamil Nadu.
contd

 This theory says earthquake occur at faults but

recently the picture is seen changing. The series
of earthquake in America.
Sea floor spreading
Effect on Center of mass
Burj Khalifa on AMERICA
Effect on center of mass
Statue of unity on AMERICA
Planxy
(symmetrical building)
Plan xz (Symmetr6ical building)
Planyz (symmetrical building)
Plan xy (unsymmetrical Building)
Results and discussions
Time Period comparison

S.no. Symmetrical building C-shaped

1. 0.744562 0.727737
2. 0.729421 0.727454
3. 0.70718 0.706419
4. 0.233295 0.227429
contd

 The time period of building is less for C-shaped

building and it drops sharply for 4th mode of
vibration.
Mode shape comparison
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Conclusion

 The symmetrical building is more stiff .

 Distortion is pronounced in C-shaped building in
mode 4.
Bending Moment
Comparison of bending
moment(KN-mm)
S.no. Symmetrical building C-shaped
1. 5524.47 -1392.8
2728.08 -690.46
-68.3 11.87

2. 5608.23 -1852.67
2769.26 -959.6
-69.7 -66.52

3. 5021.42 -1662.82
3241.38 -1107.98
1416.34 -553.15

4. 4946.39 -1238.65
3193.18 -821.52
1439.97 -404.4
Conclusion

 The bending moment in C-shaped building is less.

Pushover curve

 The static pushover curve is a single force-

displacement curve obtained from a static
nonlinear analysis. STAAD PRO is used to make
pushover curve .
Pushover curve for symmetrical
building
Pushover curve for C-shaped
building
References

 The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat provides “ studies and
reports on all aspects of the planning, design, and construction of tall
buildings. ” www.ctbuh.org
 Wilson, E. (1995). Orthogonal Effects in RSABerkeley, CA: Computers and
Structures, Inc.