Intro To Shearography

Shearography - NDT Capabilities
2003
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The basic principles of the measurement method
are interferometry and correlation techniques
Interferometry is determination of fractional relative phase difference
between light waves traversing different paths. Phenomena which can
be measured are those which influence the phase of the light beams. In
practice this is e. g. surface deformation
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The basic principles of the measurement method
are interferometry and correlation techniques
Digital Image Correlation is a data analysis method, which uses a proprietary
mathematical correlation method to analyse digital image data taken while samples
are subjected to mechanical stresses. Consecutive image captures taken during the
testing phase will “show” a change in surface characteristics as the specimen is
effected by the mechanical stresses imposed upon it.
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Non-destructive testing is the common use of shearography. The defects
become visible on measuring their inhomogeneous deformation
gradients. Depending on the spatial distribution of deformation the
defect or the structure itself can be characterised. The rotor
measurements show a dis-bond (left), a crack (right) and a structural
transition (centre). Compare fringe density and distribution.
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Dynamic excitation is a special technique of isi-sys for non destructive
testing. During the sweep the vibration modes are visible in real-time. The
example (left) shows selected images of C-Si-C composite (sweep 1-
20kHz) with an in service dis-bond in the middle. Further data processing
enables determination the mechanical properties of the defect area.
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Impact defect detection in carbon fibre composites
(CFRP) by dynamic excitation
The examples shows carbon fibre panel with impacts prepared by Airbus,
Bremen. Similar carbon composites are used for the new Airbus A380.
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Impact defect detection in carbon fibre composites
(CFRP) by dynamic excitation
The defects are prepared by impacts of different energies. The defects become
visible by dynamic excitation at their natural frequencies as show below.
Defect visible at 17.873Hz
Evaluated vibration mode
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Example of NDT by dynamic excitation applied on GLARE
The examples shows a glare panel (size 500x500, see below) with de-bondings
(Ø60mm) prepared by Airbus Bremen. Glare is a combination of Aluminium plates
with composite layers used for the new Airbus A380F.
The defects (dis-bonds or delaminations) are prepared in different depth between
the aluminum plates. The defects become visible by dynamic excitation at their
natural frequencies as show below by the supperposed measurement results.
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Shearography principle recall
Stimulating load
Shearographic head
(Laser + optical system) Loading:
Laser beam
Thermal
Vacuum – pressure
Defect
Vibration
Object Mechanical
Image processing
Birefringent
element Polarizer
Image processing
CCD
Lens
Illuminated
object
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Shearography principle recall
Comparaison : TV-Holographie and Shearographie
--- Initial position Differential measurement

Absolute measurement
Shearography
TV-holography _____ After-stress position
 Measured value
- - - Position initial
x Shear length
_____
Position après-déformation
Mesure de gradient
25.38
Shearographie  Valeur mesurée 1.195
22.29 0.946
25.1 1.55
x Shear
19.20 0.696
21.7 1.19
16.11 0.446
91.9 138.6
18.3 0.82
13.01 0.197
73.7 108.2
14.9 0.45
9.92 -0.053
55.9 0.09 78.8
11.5
6.83 -0.303
8.1 37.7 -0.28 48.9

3.74 -0.552
4.7 -0.65 19.5

20.2 -0.802
0.64
1.3 -1.01
-2.45 -1.052
-2.1 -1.38
-5.54 -1.301
X= 9.8 32.9 55.6 78.8 101.9 124.6 147.7 170.8 193.6 216.7 239.4 X=11.0 32.9 55.6 78.8 101.9 124.6 147.7 170.8 193.6 216.7 239.4
-5.5 -1.75
Y=59.6 59.6 59.6 59.6 59.6 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 61.0
Y=59.6 59.6 60.2 60.2 61.0 61.6 61.6 62.2 62.2 63.1 63.6 6.9 31.5 57.3 82.3 107.8 132.8 158.6 183.2 209.1 233.7 259.5
3.1 27.0 52.1 76.0 100.7 124.6 149.7 173.6 198.3 222.2 247.3
Deformação [µm/shear] Deformation [µm/shear]
Deslocamento [µm] Deslocamento [µm]
PV= 2.497 PV= 3.301
PV= 30.925 PV= 30.614
13-02-2001 19:37:20 11-12-2000 10:56:13
13-02-2001 19:49:40 13-02-2001 19:37:20
Typical TV-holography result LOME/INEGI

Typical shearographic result NDT Expert
LOME/INEGI LOME/INEGI
3-grad.TFD
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Shearography - Capabilities
FOLLOW UP REPORTING
Monitoring on Optical disc –
useful on serialised parts
SIZING
LOCALIZATION
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Example of images
obtained with thermal
Loading
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DAMAGE TYPE DETECTED – Honey comb junctions
dislocation
X-ray result Shearographic Images with two

perpendicular shear directions
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DAMAGE TYPE DETECTED – Metal/metal edges unbounding
Top view
unbounding
Profile view
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ON CONCORDE
Positioning and
sizing tool
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DAMAGE TYPE DETECTED – Adhesive craking under impact
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Example of vacuum loading
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DAMAGE TYPE DETECTED – Water or liquid ingress
Liquid ingress
unbound
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Comparative tests
Shearographic system
US-Laser System
Thermographic system
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Results of Comparative tests
Shearography immediate(t) Thermography Lock-In

US-Laser (Amplitude)
Shearography after 15 sc. (t’)
US-Laser (time base)
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Impacted Monolithc Displacement field US C-Scan

(CFRP)
Corrosion Detection Displacement field CF C-Scan

Aluminium Alloys
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Pressurized material control
Ageing control
MIRA pressure vessel Old New

Filamentary wounded (Al-
GFRP) Delamination detection
Procedure Control – Diagram of the part to

be inspected
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Conclusions
Benefits:
Contact less
Global method,
Good sensitivity,
Real time inspection,
Quicker than most of the NDI methods,
Working on all type of materials and structures,
Numerical acquisition give rise to efficient follow up,
New type of damage are now detectable without opening the structure…
The keys of the efficiency are in the selection of the loading and the implementation
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Intro To Shearography

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Intro To Shearography

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Shearography - NDT Capabilities

Defect visible at 17.873Hz

Evaluated vibration mode

Comparaison : TV-Holographie and Shearographie

--- Initial position Differential measurement

8.1 37.7 -0.28 48.9

4.7 -0.65 19.5

Typical TV-holography result LOME/INEGI

X-ray result Shearographic Images with two

DAMAGE TYPE DETECTED – Adhesive craking under impact

Example of vacuum loading

Shearography immediate(t) Thermography Lock-In

Shearography after 15 sc. (t’)

US-Laser (time base)

Impacted Monolithc Displacement field US C-Scan

Corrosion Detection Displacement field CF C-Scan

MIRA pressure vessel Old New

Procedure Control – Diagram of the part to

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