Data Communication and Networks

Data Representation
Different forms of data Representation
Text: bit pattern i.e 0,1
Numbers: Bit pattern i.e 0,1
Images: Bit Pattern but mechanism is different , Image is divide into
pixels, called as resolution.
Audio: converted into signals
Video: combination and image and video.

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Direction of Data flow

Communication b/w two devices can be of three types

Simplex : data is unidirectional, one device transmits and
the other receive, e.g. keyboard

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Direction of Dataflow

Half duplex: each device can transmit and receive data/message

but not at the same time, it is like one lane road. E.g walkie talkies,,
etc

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Modes of data communication

Full duplex: Both devices can transmit and receive data

simultaneously. In full duplex signals going in either direction share
the capacity of the link.
E.g. Telephone network

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Data communication

Sharing of information
“exchange of data b/w two devices via some form
of transmission medium”.

Fundamentals characteristics of data communication:

Delivery: correct destination, sender or receiver
Accuracy: in time of transmission data must secured
Timeliness: Timely manner

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Components of data communication Protocol

1)Message
2)Sender Step#1
Step#1
3)Receiver Step# 2
Step# 2
Step# 3
Step# 3 Message ……..
4)Medium …….. ……..
……..
5)Protocol
Protocol Protocol

Message

Medium

Sender Receiver
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 Transmission/Communication Media (Link)
Transmission media is the pathway networked entities use to each other.
Computer transmission media includes cable and wireless technologies
Common computer network transmission Media:

Transmission media

Guided Unguided

Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber optic Air

cable Cable cable
Radio wave

Micro wave

Infrared7 light
Types of Networks

There are three types of Networks:

1)LAN (Local Area Network)
2)MAN( Metropolitan Area Network)
3)WAN (Wide Area Network)

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Local Area Network

Privately owned
Within single office, building or campus
May be as simple as two PC’s and a printer
Limited to few Kilometers
Limited users

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Metropolitan Area Network

Designed to extend over an entire city

May be a single network
It may be a means of connecting a number of LAN’s
A company can use a MAN to connect the LAN’s in all its offices
through a city
MAN may be wholly owned and operated by a private company
E.g: cable TV network

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Wide Area Network

Provides long distance of transmission of data, voice, image, video

over large geographic areas
May be country to country, continent to continent
Unlimited number of users
Internet is best example of WAN

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What is a Database?

“A set of information held in a computer”

Oxford English Dictionary

“ One or more large structured sets of persistent data, usually

associated with software to update and query the data”
Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing

“ A collection of data arranged for ease and speed of search and

retrieval”
Dictionary.com
Database- definition

 A data base is any collection of information stored in an organized

way

 Organized way- structured data

• Can be store, update, edit and delete easily

 Can consist of one or more files

 Data should be entered once

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DBMS

DBMS (database management system):

• Collection of programs that manages database structure and controls access
to data
• Possible to share data among multiple applications or users
• Makes data management more efficient and effective
 Role and Advantages of the DBMS
End users have better access to more and better-managed data
• Promotes integrated view of organization’s operations
• Probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced
• Possible to produce quick answers to ad hoc queries
Database

A database is any collection of information stored in an organized

way.
Basically data stored in tabular form.
Organized means the data should be structured so as to be easily
stored, updated, editable and can be delete.
A database can be consist of one are more files.
In database the data should be entered once.
No repetition in data is allowed

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Database…

The data stored in a database should not be accessible to un-

authorized users
One person will be responsible for the entire database of the
organization is known as “ Database Administrator (DBA)”
As we have discussed , Database contains of tables , so table has 3
parts
i. File
ii. Field
iii. Record

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 File

Database
E.g.: student
Record
Table

Std ID Name F/Name Class Program Shift Address

001 Aslam Akram BBT Morning 12Xyz

002 Amjad Ali BMB Morning 34Xyz

003 Ali Khan BBT Morning 56Xyz

Field
. ….. ….. ….. …..

. ….. ….. …..

File: collection of related records, e.g. student table

Field: Collection of related characters, e.g. 001, aslam, akram etc
Record: Collection of related fields. stdID, Name, F/name etc
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E-Commerce
Definition of Marketing

Philip Kotler
• Social and Managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what
they need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of
value with others.

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Definition (cont)

Needs – exist in biology they are not created by marketers – i.e.

shelter, food, clothing, safety, belonging, esteem

Wants – Need food want hamburger, fries, coke.

Desire – Wants for specific products backed by an ability and

willingness to buy them

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 Definition of Commerce

The exchange of goods and services for money

Consists of:
Buyers - these are people with money who want to purchase a good
or service.
Sellers - these are the people who offer goods and services to
buyers.
Producers - these are the people who create the products and
services that sellers offer to buyers.

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 E-commerce Today
The challenge to businesses is to make transactions not just
cheaper and easier for themselves but also easier and more
convenient for customers and suppliers.
It’s more than just posting a nice looking Web site with lots of cute
animations and expecting customers and suppliers to figure it out
Web-based solutions must be easier to use and more convenient
than traditional methods if a company hopes to attract and keep
customers.

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 Web Advertising
Banner ads: allows for more targeted advertising

Pop-up ads: pop-under ads are displayed in a separate

browser window beneath your main browser window
 and remain there until you close them

This is a pop-up ad
Click here to close me

Skyscrapers: An advertisement on a Web site that is

vertically oriented on the page and larger than the
typical banner ad

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 Web Advertising
Interstitials: are usually full-page ads displayed while a user is in transit
from one page to another, triggered by code included in the link

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 Web Advertising

Content Sponsorship: are sites that pay for placement in search results
on keywords that are relevant to their business

The upper: This is the part of the shoe that wraps around and over the top of the foot. It may be made of leather or a synthetic material that is lighter and
breathable (to reduce heat from inside the running shoe). The tongue of the upper should be padded to cushion the top of the foot against the pressure from the
laces. Often, at the back of the running shoe, the upper is padded to prevent rubbing and irritation against the achilles tendon.

The heel counter: This is a firm and inflexible cup which is built into the upper of running shoes and surrounds the heel. It is usually very firm so that it can control
motion of the rearfoot.

Post or footbridge: This is the firm material in the midsole which increases stability along the inner side (arch side; medial side) of the running shoe.

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 Benefits of E-commerce

To consumers: 24/7 access, more choices, price comparisons, improved

delivery, competition

To organizations: International marketplace (global reach), cost savings,

customization, reduced inventories, digitization of products/services

To society: flexible working practices, connects people, delivery of public

services

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Wish you best of Luck

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