Database concept

• Database:It is defined as an organized

collection of data on people or things,It is a
shared collection of related data,
• The data base is managed by a software
package known as DBMS(Database
Management System)
 DBMS
Purpose of DBMS
• To bridge gap between information and data.
• It provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient for user to retrieve
and store information.
 Advantage of DBMS

• Reduced data redundancy: redundancy means

duplication of data.DBMS allows data to be stored at
one location so no duplication of data is there ,so
redundancy is reduced.
• Data sharing: the integration of the whole data in an
organization leads to the ability to produce more
information from a given amount of data
• Data Consistency: since the data is centralized so it is
consistent for every user.
• Enforcing integrity constraint: these contsraint decides
uniqueness of data.It ensure the validity and
consistency of the data
• Privacy and Security: the data is secured by
providing privileges only to the authorized
users.
• Reduce programming efforts:Many built in
functionalities of software reduced
programming efforts of programmers
• Database enforces standards:with centralized
control of database .DBA ensure applicable
standard for all the data to be stored .
• Providing data backup and recovery facilites:
the computer fails in the middle of a
computer update program, the recovery
subsystem is responsible for making sure that
the database is restored to the stage it was
before.
 Disadvantages of DBMS
• Inconsistency in data format
• Data isolation
• Security problem
 Components of database
• User:any person can access the database directly
using the DBMS is called database user.
• Database administrator: DBA is a person who
directs or perform all activities related to
maintaining a successful database environment.
• Application programmer: any prog designed to
perform a specific function directly for the user .
DBMS give tools to:
Store data in structured way,
Query the database.
Sort & manipulate data
Validate the data entered and check for
consistencies.
Produces reports
 DBMS Models
DBMS Model Is the logical structure of database
.There are many concepts of DBMS Model
1. Object based Data model
2. Record based data model
3. physical data model
Record based data model:
• Hierarchical Model:database is represented as
tree,
• Network Model
• Relational Model
 Relational data model
This is the popular model for database.
The data is organised as relation(table) .For
example:
Relation:
1.Student(rollnumber,name,class)
2. Library(rollnumber,booknumber,bookname)
3. Exam(rollnumber,first term,halfyearly,final)
 Terminology used in Relational data
model
 Entity:IT is a real world object for which information
can be stored in tables(eg Student,book,library)
 Attributes: Columns in the (table)relation is called
attribute.
 Tuples: Rows in the table is referred as Tuple.
 Degree: total number of attributes(columns) in table.
 Cardinality:Total number of Tuples(rows) in a table.
 Domain: set of possible values an attribute can have
Relation:Data arranged in rows and columns is
called relation(Table)
Properties/features of relation:
In a given column all values are of same type.
For row each column ga an individual value.
All rows of a relation are distinct.
There is no order maintained for rpw in relation ie
we cannot access the data on the basis of row
number. But we can access data with column
name
ROLLNUMBER NAME ADDRESS GENDER
1 ANAMIKA DWARKA F
2 SHYAM NAJAFGARH M

1. Number of tuples:2
2. Number of attribute:4
3. Degree:4
4. Cardinality:2
5. Domain for Gender(M/F)
6. Domain for Rollnumber(1-60(
 view
• It is a virtual table that does not exist
physically.
• It derive it's records from one or more table