Chapter: 1

Matrices & Determinants

MATHEMATICS
PRESENTATION

JNV FARIDABAD
Prepared By
~Manish Bisht
XIIA
1222
Topic-Matrices &
Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

 Session Objectives
• Meaning of matrix
• Type of matrices
• Transpose of Matrix
• Meaning of symmetric and skew symmetric
matrices
• Minor & co-factors
• Computation of adjoint and inverse of a
matrix
 TYPES OF MATRICES
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Rectangular No. of rows is not equal to  6 2 1

matrix no. of columns
2 0 5
 
Square matrix No. of rows is equal to no. of 2 1 3
 
columns 2
 0 1

1 2 4


Diagonal Non-zero element in principal 2 0 0

matrix diagonal and zero 
in all other 0 4 0
positions  

0 0 7

Scalar matrix Diagonal matrix in which all 4 0 0
the elements on principal 0 4 0
diagonal and same  

0 0 4

 TYPES OF MATRICES
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Row matrix A matrix with only 1
row 3 2 14
Column matrix A matrix with only I 2 
column  
3 
Identity matrix Diagonal matrix

having each 1 0
diagonal element 0 1 
equal to one (I)   
Zero matrix A matrix with all zero 0 0
entries  
0 0
 TYPES OF MATRICES
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Upper Triangular Square matrix
matrix having all the entries 2 5 3
zero below the 0 4 6
principal diagonal  

0 0 7


Lower Triangular Square matrix 2 0 0

matrix having all the entries 5
zero above the  4 0

principal diagonal  7
6 3 
 Determinants

If A = aij  is a square matrix of order 1,

then |A| = | a11 | = a11

a11 a
12
If A=a a  is a square matrix of order 2, then
 21 22

a11 a12
|A| = = a11a22 – a21a12
a21 a22
 Example

4 -3
Evaluate the determinant :
2 5

4-3
S
o
l
ut
i
on: =4
×5
-
2
×
-
3=
20
+
6=
26
2 5
 Solution

a11 a12 a13

 
If A = a21 a22 a23 is a square matrix of order 3, then

a31 a32 a33


a1
1a
1
2a
1
3
a
2
2a
3 a
2 2
1a
3 a
2 2
1a
2
2
|
A
|=
a2
1a
2
2a
2
3=
a
1
1 -
a
12 +
a
1
3
a
3
2a
3 a
3 3
1a
3 a
3 3
1a
3
2
a3
1a
3
2a
3
3

[Expanding along first row]


=
a
a
1
1a
2
2
3-
a
3a
3
2
2
-
3a
1
2
a
2
1a
3-
a
3a
3
1
2
+
3a
1
3
a
2a
1
3-
a
2a
3
1
2
2



a
1
1a
2
2
a
3
3a
1
2a
a
3
1
2
3a
a
1
3a
2
1
3

2
a
1
1a
2
3
a
3
2a
1
2a
a
2
1
3
3a
a
1
3a
3
1
2
2
 Example
2 3 -5
Evaluate the determinant : 7 1 -2
-3 4 1
Solution :

23-
5
1-
2 7 -
2 7 1
71-
2=2 -
3 +
-5
41 -
3 1 - 34
-
341

[Expanding along first row]

=
2
1+-
837-
6-
52
8+
3
=
18
-3-
155
=
-1
40
 Minors

-
1 4

I
fA=
 ,t
hen
2 3


M
=
1
1Mi
no
ro
f
a1
1=
3,M
1=
2Mi
no
ro
f
a1
2=
2

M
=
2
1Mi
no
ro
f
a2
1=
4,
M2=
2Mi
no
ro
f
a2
2=
-1
 Minors
478
I
fA=-
900,t
  h e
n
 
2 34


M11 = Minor of a11 = determinant of the order 2 × 2 square

sub-matrix is obtained by leaving first
row and first column of A
0 0
= =0
3 4

47
Similarly, M23 = Minor of a23 = =1
2-1
4=-
2
23

48
M32 = Minor of a32 = =0
+72
=72etc.
-
90
 Cofactors
C
i
j=C
o
fa
c
to
ro
fa
i
jin
A=
-1 M
i
j,
i
+j

w
h
er
eMi
j i
s m
i
nor
ofa
iji
n A
 Cofactors (Con.)

 4 7 8
A = -9 0 0 
 2 3 4

0 0
C11 = Cofactor of a11 = (–1)1 + 1 M11 = (–1)1 +1 =0
3 4

4 7
C23 = Cofactor of a23 = (–1)2 + 3 M23 =  2
2 3

4 8
C32 = Cofactor of a32 = (–1)3 + 2M32 = - =-72 etc.
-9 0
 Value of Determinant in Terms of
Minors and Cofactors

a
11a2a
1 1
3
I
fA
=a a a,t
hen
21 2
2 2
3

a
31a2a
3 3

3

3 3
A 

 

ij
1a i
jMj a
i i
j
Ci
j

j1 
j1

=
a
i
1Ci
1+a
i
2Ci
2+a
i
3Ci
3,f
o
ri=
1o
r
i
=2o
r
i
=3
 Properties of Determinants
1. The value of a determinant remains unchanged, if its
rows and columns are interchanged.

ab
11c
1 aaa
123
ab
22c
2=bbbi
123 .
e 
.AA'
ab
33c
3 ccc
123

2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged,

then the value of the determinant is changed by minus sign.

a
1b
1c
1 a2b
2c
2
a
2b
2c
2=-a
1b
1c
1A
p
pl
yi
ngR

2R
1
a
3b
3c
3 a3b
3c
3
 Properties (Con.)

3. If all the elements of a row (or column) is multiplied by a

non-zero number k, then the value of the new determinant
is k times the value of the original determinant.

ka1 kb1 kc1 a1 b1 c1

a2 b2 c2 = k a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

which also implies

a
1bc
11 m
a1mb
1mc
1
1
a
2bc=
22 a
2 b2 c
2
m
a
3bc
33 a
3 b3 c
3
 Properties (Con.)

4. If each element of any row (or column) consists of

two or more terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.

a1 + x b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 x b1 c1
a2 + y b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + y b2 c2
a3 +z b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 z b3 c3

5. The value of a determinant is unchanged, if any row

(or column) is multiplied by a number and then added
to any other row (or column).

a1 b1 c1 a1 +mb1 - nc1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = a2 +mb2 - nc2 b2 c2  Applying C1  C1 + mC2 - nC3 
a3 b3 c3 a3 +mb3 - nc3 b3 c3
 Properties (Con.)
6. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
identical, then its value is zero.

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a1 b1 c1

7. If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is zero,

then its value is zero.

0 0 0
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
 Properties (Con.)

a
0 0

 

8L
e
tA=
0
 b0
b
ea
d
ia
go
n
al
mat
r
ix
,t
h
en

0
 0
c


a0 0
A=0 b 0a
bc
0 0 c
 Row(Column) Operations
Following are the notations to evaluate a determinant:

(i) Ri to denote ith row

(ii) Ri  Rj to denote the interchange of ith and jth
rows.
(iii) Ri  Ri + Rj to denote the addition of  times the
elements of jth row to the corresponding elements
of ith row.
(iv) Ri to denote the multiplication of all elements of
ith row by .

Similar notations can be used to denote column

operations by replacing R with C.
 Evaluation of Determinants
If a determinant becomes zero on putting
x =  , thenis xthe 
- factor of the determinant.

x52
2
F
o
rex
a
mpl
e,i
fΔ=
x9 4
,t
he
na
tx
=2
3
x168

  0 , because C1 and C2 are identical at x = 2

Hence, (x – 2) is a factor of determinant .
 Sign System for Expansion of
Determinant

Sign System for order 2 and order 3 are

given by

+– +
+–
, – +–
–+
+– +
 Example-1
Find the value of the following determinants
42 1 6 6 -3 2
(i) 28 7 (ii)
4 2 -1 2
14 3 2 -10 5 2

Solution :

4
216 6
×716

i 2
874=4
×774
1
432 2
×732
616
=
7
47 a
4Tk
i
ngo
u
t7
co
mm
on
f
ro
mC
1
232

=
7×
0 
Ca
1nd
Ca
3r
ei
den
t
i
cal


=
0
 Example –1 (ii)
6 -3 2
(ii) 2 -1 2
-10 5 2

 2 3 2
3
1  2 1 2

 2 5 2
5


332

(
2)112 
T
ak
i
n g
ou
t 2
com
mo
nf
rom
C

1
5 52

(
2
)0 
Ca
1nd
C2a
rei
d e
nt
ic
a
l


0
 Example - 2
1 a b+c
Evaluate the determinant 1 b c+a
1 c a+b
Solution :

1
ab
+c1a
a+
b+
c
1
bc
+a
=1b
a+
bc
+ A
p
pl
yi
ngc

3c+
2c
3
1
ca
+b1c
a+
b+
c

1 a
1

=
a
+b
+
c
1 b
1 T
a

k
in
g
a
+b
+
c
co
mm
o
nf
r
omC


3

1 c
1


=
a+b
+
c
×0 
Ca
1n
dC
a
3r
ei
den
t
i
ca
l

=
0
 Example - 3
a b c
Evaluate the determinant: a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
Solution:

a b c
2 2 2
W
eha
vea b c
b
ccaab

(a
-
b) b
-
cc
=
(
a
-
b)
(
a+
b
)(
b
-c
)
(
b+
c
)2
c 
A
pp
ly
i
n
gC
1C
1-
C
2a
n
dC

2C
2
-
C
3

-
c(
a
-b
)-a
(
b
-c
)a
b

1 1c
2

Ta
k
in
g
a
-b
an
d
b
-c
co
mmo
n

=
(
a
-b
)
(b
-
c
)a
+b
b+
cc 
fr
o
mCa
nd
C
 1 2r
es
p
ec
t
i
v
el
y 
-
c-aa
b
 Solution Cont.
01 c
=
(
a
-b
)(
b
-c
)-
(
c-
a)
b+c2

cAp
pl
yi
ngc

1c-
1c
2
-
(
c-
a)-
aab

01 c
2
=
-
(a-
b)(
b-c
)(
c-a
)1b+
cc
1-aab

01c
=
-
(
a-
b
)(
b
-c
)
(
c-
a
)0a
+
b+
c2
c
-
ab
Ap
p
ly
i
n
g R
R
-
R
22
3

1-
a a
b

Now expanding along C1 , we get

(a-b) (b-c) (c-a) [- (c2 – ab – ac – bc – c2)]
= (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (ab + bc + ac)
 Example-4
Without expanding the determinant,
3x+y 2x x
3
prove that 4x+3y 3x 3x = x
5x+6y 4x 6x
Solution :
3
x
+y2
xx3
x2
xxy2
xx
L
.
H.
S=4
x
+3
y3
x3
x=
4
x3
x3
x+
3
y3
x3
x
5
x
+6
y4
x6
x5
x4
x6
x6
y4
x6
x

321 121
3 2
=
x 433+xy333
546 646

321
3
=
x
433
+
x2
y
×0C
1a
n
dC
a
2r
ei
d
ent
i
c
al
in
II
d
et
e
rm
i
na
n
t
546
 Solution Cont.
3 2 1
=x3 4 3 3
5 4 6

121
3
=
x133
App
l
yin
gCC
1-
1C
2

146

1 2
1
3
=
x
0 1
2
Ap
pl
yi
ngR

2R-
2R
1a
nd
R
3
R-
3R
2
0 1
3

3
=
x
×(
3) 
-
2 E
xpa
n
di
nga
l
on
g
C
1
3
=
x
=R.
H.
S.
 Example -5
1 ω3 ω5
Prove that : ω3 1 ω4 = 0 , where is cube root of unity.
ω5 ω5 1
Solution :

3 5 3 32
1ω ω1 ω ω
.
ω
3 4 3 3
L
.
H.
S=ω 1ω= ω 1ω .ω
5 5 32 32
ωω 1 ω
.
ω ω
.
ω1

2
1 1ω
=1 1ω 

3
ω=
1

2 2
ωω 1

=
0=R
.H.
S .  C
1an
dC2a
reid
ent
icl
a
 Example-6
x+a b c
Prove that : a x+b c = x2 (x+a+b+c)
a b x+C
Solution :

x
+ab c x
+a
+b
+cb c
L
.
H.
S=ax+
bc= x
+a
+b
+cx
+bc
a bx+
C x
+a
+b
+cbx+
c

App
l
yin
gC
1C
+
1C+
2C
3

1b c

=x+
a+
b+
c1x
+b c
1b x+
c
T

ak
i
n g
x +
a+
b+
cc
omm
on
fr
omC
1

 Solution cont.

1bc
=
(x
+a+
b+
c)
0x0
00x

A p
pl
y i
n g
R2R
2-
R1an
dR3R
3-
R1

Expanding along C1 , we get

(x + a + b + c) [1(x2)] = x2 (x + a + b + c)
= R.H.S
 Example -7
Using properties of determinants, prove that
b+c c+a a+b
c+a a+b b+c =2(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca- a2 -b2 - c2 ).
a+b b+c c+a

Solution :
b+ cc
+ aa
+ b
L
.H.
S =c
+ aa
+ bb
+ c
a
+ bb
+ cc
+ a

2
(
a
+b
+c
)
2(
a
+b
+c
)
2(
a
+b
+c
)
=
c+
aa +
bb c
+ A
pp
l
y
in
gR
R
+
11R
2+
R
3
a+
bb +
c c+
a

1 1 1
=
2(
a+b
+c)
c+aa+
bb+
c
a+bb+
cc+
a
 Solution Cont.
00 1
=
2
(
a
+b
+c
)
(
c-
b
)(
a-
c
)b
+c
A
pp
l
yi
n
gC
1C
1-
C
2a
n
dC

2C
2-
C
3
(
a-
c
)(
b-
a
)c
+a

Now expanding along R1 , we get

2
(
a+
b
+
c
)
(
c
-b)
(
b-
a)
-(
a
-c
)
2


=
2
(
a+
b
+
c
)
b
c
-
b2
-a
c+
a
b
-2
(
a+
c2
-
2a
c
)


=
2
(
a+
b+
c
)
a
b
+b
c+
a
c
-2
a
-2
b2
-
c

=
R
.
H.
S
 Example - 8
Using properties of determinants prove that

x+4 2x 2x
2x x+4 2x =(5x+4)(4- x)2
2x 2x x+4

Solution :

x
+
42
x2
x5
x+
4
2x2
x
L
.
H
.
S=2
xx
+
42
x=
5
x+
4
x
+42
x
A
pp
l
yi
n
gC
1C
1+
C
+
2
C
3

2
x2
xx
+
45
x+
4
2x
x+
4

12x 2x
=
(5
x+4
)1x
+ 42x
12x x
+ 4
 Solution Cont.

12
x 2
x
=
(
5
x+
4
)0
-
(x
-
4
) 0A
p
p
ly
i
n
gR
2R
2-
R
1a
nd
R
3
R
3-
R
2
0
x-
4-
(x
-
4
)

Now expanding along C1 , we get

(
5x+
4
)
1(
x-4
)2
-
0


=(5x+4)(4-x)2

=R.H.S
 Example -9
Using properties of determinants, prove that

x+9 x x
x x+9 x =243 (x+3)
x x x+9

Solution :

x
+9 x x
L
.H.
S =x x+
9 x
x x x+
9

3
x+
9xx
=
3
x+
9x
+
9 x
Ap
pl
yi
ngC

1C+
1C+
2C
3

3
x+
9xx+
9
 Solution Cont.
1 x x
=
(3
x+9
)1x+9 x
1 x x+9

1 x
x

=
3
x+
3
0 9
0 
A
p
p
ly
i
ngR

2R-
R
21a
n
dR

3R-
R
32


0
-
99

=
3
(x
+3
)
81
Exp
a
nd
in
ga
l
ong
C
1

=
2
43
(
x+3)
=
R
.H
.
S.
 Example -10
(b+c)2 a2 bc
Show that (c+a)2 b2 ca =(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a-b)(b - c)(c - a)(a+b+c)
(a+b)2 c2 ab

Solution :

22 222
(
b+
c
)ab
cb+
cab
c
L
.
H
.S
.=
(
c2
+
a
)2
bc
a2
=
c2
+
a2
bc
a
A
p
p
l
yi
n
gCC
-
112
C

3
22 222
(
a
+b
)ca
ba
+bca
b

2 2 22
a+b+c abc

a2 2 22
+b+c bca
App
l
yi
ngC

1 C
+
1C
2
2 2 22
a+b+c cab

2
1a b
c
2 2 2 2
=
(a+b+c)1b c
a
2
1c a
b
 Solution Cont.
2
1 a b
c
2
=
(
a
+2
b
+2
c
)
0(
b-
a
)(
b
+a
)c
(
a
-b
)
A
pp
ly
i
n
gR
2R
2-
R
1a
n
dR
3R
3
-
R
2

0(c
-
b
)(
c
+b
)a
(
b
-c
)

2
1a bc
2 2 2
=
(
a+b+c)(
a-
b)
(b
-c
)0-
(
b+a
)c
0-
(b
+c
)a

2
=
(
a
+2
b
+
c2
)
(
a-
b
)
(b
-
c
)
(-
a
b
-2 2
a
+
bc
+
c)
E
xp
a
nd
i
n
ga
l
on
g
C
1

2
=
(
a
+2
b2
+
c
)(
a
-b
)
(
b-
c
)
b

c
-
a
+
c
-
ac
+
a



222
=
(
a
+b+
c
)(
a
-
b)
(
b-
c
)
(c
-
a)
(
a
+b
+c
)
=R
.
H
.S
.
Applications of Determinants (Area
of a Triangle)
The area of a triangle whose vertices are

(
x,y
11)
,(
x,y
22)
an
d(
x,y
33)
is given by the expression

x1 y1 1
1
Δ= x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

1
=
[
x(
y
12-
y
3)
+x
2(
y
3-
y)
+
1x(
3y
-
1y
2)
]
2
 Example
Find the area of a triangle whose
vertices are (-1, 8), (-2, -3) and (3, 2).

Solution :
x1y11-1 81
1 1
A
r
ea
of
tr
ia
ng
l
e=x y
2 21=-
2-31
2 2
x3y313 21

1

=
-1
(-
3-
2)
-
8(
-2
-
3)
+1
(-
4
+9
)
2

1
=
5+4
0
+5
=25
sq
.
uni
ts
2
 Condition of Collinearity of Three
Points
If A
(
x,
1y
1)
,
B(x
,
2y
2)
an
dC
(
x,
3y
3)
are three points,

then A, B, C are collinear

A
reao
ftr
ian
gleAB
C=0

x1 y
11 x
1 y
11
1
x 2 y
21=0x
2 y
21=0
2
x3 y
31 x
3 y
31
 Example
If the points (x, -2) , (5, 2), (8, 8) are collinear,
find x , using determinants.

Solution :

Since the given points are collinear.

x -2 1
5 2 1=0
8 8 1



x
2-
8
-
-
2
5-
8
+1
40
-
1
6=
0


-6
x-6+
24=0


6x
= 1
8x
= 3
 Solution of System of 2 Linear
Equations (Cramer’s Rule)
Let the system of linear equations be

a
x
1+b
1y
=c1 .
.
.
i

a
2x
+by
2=c
2 .
.
.i
i

D1 D
2
T
h
en
x=,y
= p
ro
v
i
ded
D
0,
DD

a
1b
1 c1b
1 a
1c
1
w
h
e
r
eD
= ,
D=a
1 n
d
D=
2
a
2b
2 c2b
2 a
2c
2
 Cramer’s Rule (Con.)
Note:
1 If D0,
then the system is consistent and has unique solution.


2I
fD=
0a
ndD
1=
D=
20,

then the system is consistent and has infinitely many

solutions.


3I
fD=
0a
n
don
eo
f
D1,
D2
0,

then the system is inconsistent and has no solution.

 Example
Using Cramer's rule , solve the following
system of equations 2x-3y=7, 3x+y=5

Solution :
2-
3
D
= = 2
+9
=1
1
0
31

7-
3
D
=
1 =7
+1
5=2
2
51

27
D
= =
2 10
-2
1=
-1
1
35

D

0
D2
2 D-
11

B
y
Cr
a
me
r'
sRu
l
ex=
=
1
=
2
a
nd
y
=2
==
-1
D1
1 D11
 Solution of System of 3 Linear
Equations (Cramer’s Rule)
Let the system of linear equations be
a
x
1+b
y
1+c
z
1=d
1 .
.
.
i
a
x
2+b
y
2+c
2z
=d2 .
.
.
i
i

a
x
3+b
y
3+c
z
3=d
3 .
.
.
ii
i

D
1 D2 D
3
T
h
e
nx=,
y=,z=p
r
o
vi
de
dD

0,
DDD

a
1b
1c
1 d
1b
1c
1 a
1d
1c
1
w
h
e
r
eD
=a
2b
2c
2,
D=
1d
2b
2c
2,
D=
2a
2d
2c
2
a
3b
3c
3 d
3b
3c
3 a
3d
3c
3

a
1 b
1 d
1
a
ndD3=a
2 b
2 d
2
a
3 b
3 d
3
 Cramer’s Rule (Con.)
Note:

(1) If D  0, then the system is consistent and has a unique

solution.

(2) If D=0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the system has infinite

solutions or no solution.

(3) If D = 0 and one of D1, D2, D3  0, then the system

is inconsistent and has no solution.

(4) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system is called the system of

homogeneous linear equations.

(i) If D  0, then the system has only trivial solution x = y = z = 0.

(ii) If D = 0, then the system has infinite solutions.

 Example
Using Cramer's rule , solve the following
system of equations
5x - y+ 4z = 5
2x + 3y+ 5z = 2
5x - 2y + 6z = -1

Solution :

5 -1 4 = 5(18+10) + 1(12-25)+4(-4 -15)

D=2 3 5 = 140 –13 –76 =140 - 89
5 -2 6 = 51  0

5 -1 4 = 5(18+10)+1(12+5)+4(-4 +3)
D=2
1 3 5 = 140 +17 –4
-1 -2 6 = 153
 Solution Cont.
5 5 4 = 5(12 +5)+5(12 - 25)+ 4(-2 - 10)
D2 =2 2 5 = 85 + 65 – 48 = 150 - 48
5 -1 6 = 102

5 -1 5
= 5(-3 +4)+1(-2 - 10)+5(-4-15)
D3 =2 3 2 = 5 – 12 – 95 = 5 - 107
5 -2 -1 = - 102

D
0
D11
53 D2 1
02

ByC
ra
mer
'sR
ul
e x
= == 3,y= == 2
D51 D5 1
D3 -
10
2
a
ndz
= = = -
2
D5 1
 Example
Solve the following system of homogeneous linear equations:
x + y – z = 0, x – 2y + z = 0, 3x + 6y + -5z = 0

Solution:

11
 -
1
 
W
e
ha
ve
D=1
 -
2 1=
1
10-
6
-1
-5-
3
-1
6+
6

36
 -
5

=
4+
8
-1
2=
0


T
h
es
y
st
e
mha
s
in
f
i
ni
t
el
yma
n
ys
o
l
ut
io
n
s.

Putting z = k, in first two equations, we get

x + y = k, x – 2y = -k
 Solution (Con.)
k 1
D1-
k-2-
2k
+kk

B
yC
r
ame
r
'
s r
ul
e x
= = = =
D 11- 2
-13
1-
2
1 k
D 1 -k -
k -k 2
k
y=2= = =
D 1 1 -2 -1 3
1 -2

These values of x, y and z = k satisfy (iii) equation.

k 2
k

x
=,y
= ,
z=k
,wh
e
re
k
R
3 3
Thank you