PREHISTORIC - PRECOLONIAL

• 9000 BC EARLY NEOLITHIC CULTURE

• 6000 BC STONE AGE
• 3300 BC INDUS VALLEY CIVLIZATION
• 2500 BC DRAVIDIAN CULTURE
• 1500 BC EARLY VEDIC PERIOD
• 600 BC EARLY PANDYAN PERIOD
• 300 BC CHOLA EMPIRE
• 321 BC MAURYAN EMPIRE BEGINS
• 240 AD GUPTA EMPIRE
• 1526 MUGHAL EMPIRE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• NO centre of power or for depictions of people in power in
Harappan society But, there are indications of complex decisions
being taken and implemented
These are the major theories
• . For instance, the extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as
evident in pottery, seals, weights and bricks.
• There was a single state, given the similarity in artefacts, the
evidence for planned settlements, the standardised ratio of brick
size, and the establishment of settlements near sources of raw
material.
• There was no single ruler but several: Mohenjo-daro had a separate
ruler, Harappa another, and so forth.
• Harappan society had no rulers, and everybody enjoyed equal status.
 PANDYAN GOVERNMENT
KING
(a hereditary monarch)

Aimberunguzhu
(Five Great Assemblies, consisted of the representatives of the
people, priests, physicians, astrologers and the ministers)
Enberaayam-Eight Groups of Attendants. While some scholars believe it
consisted of attendants on the king’s person like the perfumers, dressing valets,
etc., others believe it consisted of more important persons like the people of the
capital city, the leaders of the elephant corps and of the cavalry .
principal officers of State -the high priest, the chief astrologer, the
ministers and the commanders of the army

Kootram

Mandalam

Nadus
The affairs of a village were the responsibility of its elders, who supervised the judicial,
administrative and financial functions
 JUSTICE
• was administered free of charge, by special officers appointed as judges and
magistrates, but the king was supreme and the final arbiter in all civil and criminal
cases
• Mortgage, lease, trust property, loans, breach of contract were some common sources
of civil litigation, while criminal offences included theft, adultery, forgery and treason

PUNISHMENT
. The punishments were very severe and hence crimes were rare
one caught in the act of burglary, adultery or spying was given the
death penalty and one giving false testimony would have his tongue
cut off.
. The main sources of royal revenue were taxes, tributes, customs duties and tolls. Land tax,
paid in money or in kind, and income tax, equal to one-sixth of an individual’s income, were
the major types of taxes collected.
 CHOLA GOVERNMENT
• In the age of the Cholas, the whole of South India was for the first
time brought under a single government. [l]
• The king was the supreme leader and a benevolent authoritarian
• His administrative role consisted of issuing oral commands to
responsible officers when representations were made to him..
LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM
. Due to the lack of a legislature or a legislative system in the modern
sense, the fairness of king's orders dependent on his morality and belief
in Dharma
 CHOLA DYNASTY
Mandalams

Valanadus

Kottams or Kutrams

JUTICE
• Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire
• ;minor disputes were settled at the village level. [97]
• .[97] Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a
direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment.
• Even crimes such as manslaughter or murder were punished with
fines. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were heard and decided
by the king himself; the typical punishment in these cases was
either execution or confiscation of property.[100]
PRE-COLONIAL POLICIES
AND PRACTICES
 PRE-COLONIAL ERA
Neolithic Age
Indus Valley Civilization
Vedic Period
Mauryan Empire
 Neolithic Age
 Began – 6500 BC
 Lasted until – 1400 BC
 Excavations – Adchanallur (Tirunelveli district)
– megalithic culture
 Evidence – 12 urns with Brahmi script containing
skeletons, bones and grains of rice, etc.
 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
 3300 BC – 1700 BC

 Approximate population – 35000

 People were systematic and organized.

 People used copper, tin, gold and silver in trade.

 Was the meeting place for the people of

various races.
 Cities had a lucrative market of cotton goods.
 Prosperity was conveyed – comfortable
houses & domestic articles.
 Excellent in arts and craft.
 Good drainage system.
 Good percentage of literacy.
 Strong family organization.
 Vedic period
 1500 BC – 500 BC
 Society divided into: Aryans and Non-Aryans.
 Aryans further divided into:
Brahmins

Kshatriya
s
Vaishyas

Shudras
 Women lost prestige – polygamy & no right to inherit their
father’s property.

 Agriculture – still main source of income.

 Improved cultivation system.

 Industries also developed.

 Specialties of women folk included:

Darning

Embroidery

Rope-Making
 MAURYAN PERIOD
 322 BC – 185 BC

 Political unity, military security, enhanced trade,

increased productivity.

 Followed the principles in Arthashastra.

 India became united under one ruler during this empire’s

rule.

 Chandragupta Maurya established single

currency throughout India.

 Trade extended through Malay peninsula into Southeast.

 India’s exports included:

Silk Goods & Textiles Spices

Exotic Foods
 Mauryan armies wiped out bandits and private
armies who sought to impose their supremacy in
small areas.
 Asoka sponsored the construction for many
public works.
 The economic situation in Mauryan Empire was
similar to the Roman empire of several centuries
later. Vastness of the empire
 Decline:
Weak successors of Asoka
Colonial India
East India Company and The
Mughals
 In 1615, an English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe negotiated
with the then Mughal emperor Jahangir to set up the East
India Company.
 Conditions of people in the Mughal empire
 Even though India was a rich country, majority of the people
were poor. While the emperors, nobles and jagirdars,
mansabdars and officers had wealth in abundance, the
common people had very little of it. The economic disparity
was quite evident by the standard of living, diet, dwellings,
dresses and other comforts and necessities of life. The
commoners which included the peasantry, artisans, and
labourers used to live a poor life.
 The people were free to choose their occupation.
Agriculture was the most popular occupation.
 The villages followed Panchayat system and were self
sufficient, providing commodities necessary to meet their
requirements.
Sir Thomas Roe with East India
Company logo
Jahangir
 Even though the Mughals followed a uniform system of
currency, barter system was common among the people.
 The prices of essential commodities were quite low.
 There were frequent famines and constant wars and battles
with the Marathas and the Rajputs affected the peasants.
 Internal and external trade was in a healthy state.

 With the establishment of the East India Company, the

barter system started declining and was completely
abolished
 The farmers were made to switch from food crops to cash
crops to suit the needs of the company. This destroyed the
traditional farming practices.
 However, there was development in irrigation system,
growth of co-operative societies and research
committees.
 Another major occupation was textiles. Highly skilled dyers
and weavers in India produced cloth with beautiful colour-
fast designs. This successful industry created an enormous
amount of cloth for markets throughout Asia. In England,
demand for Indian textiles grew fast, and many patterns
for the new English textile industry came from India.
 In the remnant of the Mughal Empire revenue system
existing in pre-1765 Bengal, zamindars, or "land holders,"
collected revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor,
whose representative, or diwan supervised their
activities. In this system, the assortment of rights associated
with land were not possessed by a "land owner," but rather
shared by the several parties with stake in the land,
including the peasant cultivator, the zamindar, and the
state.
 The zamindar served as an intermediary who
procured economic rent from the cultivator, and after
withholding a percentage for his own expenses, made
available the rest, as revenue to the state. Under the
Mughal system, the land itself belonged to the state and
not to the zamindar, who could transfer only his right to
collect rent.
 This uncertain foray into land taxation by the Company,
may have gravely worsened the impact of a famine that
struck Bengal in 1769-70, in which between seven and ten
million people—or between a quarter and third of the
presidency's population—may have died. However, the
company provided little relief either through reduced
taxation or by relief efforts.
 In 1773, Indians were made tax collectors once again.
 The Company inherited a revenue collection system from the
Mughals in which the heaviest proportion of the tax burden fell on
the cultivators, with one-third of the production reserved for
imperial entitlement; this pre-colonial system became the
Company revenue policy's baseline.
 In 1793, separate property rights were given to families and
individuals.
 The revenue demands were fixed in such a way that it promoted
growth of agriculture since it was the primary occupation.
 However, the peasants bore the brunt of the increased demand,
there being little protection for their traditional rights in the new
legislation.
 Forced labour of the peasants by the zamindars became more
prevalent as cash crops were cultivated to meet the Company
revenue demands. Although commercialised cultivation was not
new to the region, it had now penetrated deeper into village
society and made it more vulnerable to market forces. The
demands of the company weren’t met most of the time.
 One-third of their lands were auctioned during the first three
decades following the permanent settlement. The new owners
were often Brahmin and Kayastha employees of the Company
who had a good grasp of the new system, and, in many cases,
some had prospered under it.
 Villagers were tortured sometimes if the rent wasn’t paid.
 Another land revenue system was the Ryotwari system
where revenue and land tax was collected directly from
the farmers.
 In some places, the peasants were made to pay the
revenue before harvest, making them dependant on
merchants and money lenders.
 The spread of cash crops went hand in hand with the
spread of hunger. Land soon became scarce.
 Before British rule, the forests were to a large extent under
the control of the tribals, for whom they were the source of
their food, fuel, fodder, housing materials, raw materials for
household needs, and medicines, and therefore an
indispensable part of their social and religious life. Lacking
ploughs and draught animals, the tribals practised ‘shift
and burn’ cultivation on forest land. They also earned
income from the sale of wood and forest products to other
communities.
 From around the 1860s, the British began to monopolise
the forests – then two-fifths of the country’s area – by a
series of measures which classified most forests as
‘reserved’ or ‘protected’, set up a separate forest
administration, placed restrictions on the tribals’ use of the
forests and banned shifting cultivation and extracted large
tax revenues.
 This destruction of indigenous industry, and the
retrogression of agriculture combined with its
commercialisation, led to a new kind of distorted
feudalism, or ‘semi-feudalism’. The peasants’ lack of any
alternative to cultivation rendered them helpless before
the landlords, merchants and usurers, who found it easy to
increase their extractions to the point where they took
away not only the surplus, but even a part of what was
needed for the peasant to subsist and to reproduce the
conditions in which he/she could produce again. The lack
of alternative employment also meant that many landless
or very small peasants preferred to tie themselves in
‘voluntary’ bondage to a feudal lord with the guarantee
of some sort of subsistence. Finally, it meant that, however
poor the returns from cultivation, however marginal the
plot of land, the peasant would cling onto it tenaciously as
the only defence against complete destitution. At the
same time, those trying to eke out a living in all sorts of
petty trade proliferated, since there were no ‘barriers to
entry’ in this field. Thus the share of the services sector in
employment grew, even as the income of those so-called
self-employed in such petty activities remained even lower
than the income of those involved in production.
 The export of textiles greatly added to the economy.
However, as the company started to gain more power,
it started to import textiles from England. This greatly
affected the local textile industries, causing many
workers to lose their jobs.
 In 1659, Aurangzeb became the Mughal emperor and
he started persecuting Hindus.
 The company had a predominant presence in
Bombay, Surat, Madras and Calcutta.
 In 1670, the company was allowed the rights to
autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to
command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to
make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and
criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.
 This allowed the company to buy and mortgage lands.
This meant the villagers were at the mercy of the
company and could be evicted when the need arises.
The people lost the rights to their own lands.
 The company did not take part in Indian politics initially.
 Fort St. George Surat
trading post
 After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire started
deteriorating. This led to the rise of the Marathas and
smaller Islamic dynasties.
 This also allowed the company to become more powerful
and form alliances with local rulers.
 The battle of Plassey and the resultant victory of the British
East India company led to puppet governments instated
by them in various states of India. This led to an unleashing
of excesses, malpractices and atrocities by the British East
India Company in the name of tax collection. This led to
largescale detrimental impact on the economy of India
(the Indian subcontinent). Research by Simmons (1985)
and Harvard Scholars Clingingsmith and Williamson
concluded that India's share of world manufacturing
output fell from 24.5% in 1750 to a paltry 2.8% in 1880, 1.4%
in 1913 and a 2.4% in 1938, based on earlier findings by
Simmons (1985).
 The British levied heavy land revenues and took full control
of lands and towns.
 With the British in control of large states, they reformed the
political, judicial and even the educational system. They
became the indirect rulers. They made English compulsory
for schools.
 Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
 Many people joined the army to make a living and
people had to have knowledge of English for higher
posts.
 Merchants from other countries began to set up
trading posts like France and The Netherlands,
imposing similar rules and acts.
 Higher and powerful posts were given to the British and
low or mediocre posts were reserved for Indians
 Eurasians (European father and Indian mother) formed
6% of the population.
 In 1820s, missionary work began in India. Large number
of people converted to Christianity hoping to get
proper jobs and wages from the British.
 In 1700 India’s share of world Gross Domestic Product
was roughly the same as that of all of Europe – both
were around 23 per cent; by 1952 India’s share was
four per cent and Europe’s 30 per cent. India’s share of
world manufacturing fell from almost one-fourth in 1750
to less than one-fiftieth in 1900.
 There were no major changes in village society, in the
caste system, the position of untouchables, the joint
family system, or in production techniques in
agriculture.
 Population increased substantially.
 However, there were some positive changes. A few of
them are
 Domestic and foreign trade grew, and merchant capital
flourished, with some merchants acquiring fabulous
wealth.
 A sophisticated financial system developed, geared to the
needs of commerce; and the urban sector expanded, in
which a high proportion of the population was employed
in industrial/craft production.
 Instances of private property in land (whereby land could
be bought and sold like any commodity); the emergence
of cultivation performed with hired labour; the setting up
of some manufacture and mining enterprises worked with
hired labour.
 They stamped out infanticide and ritual burning of widows
(sati).
 They abolished slavery and eliminated dacoits (religious
thugs) from the highways.
 They legalized the remarriage of widows and allowed
Hindu converts to Christianity to lay claim to their share of
joint family property.
 The British contributed to public health by introducing
smallpox vaccination, establishing Western medicine and
training modern doctors, by killing rats, and establishing
quarantine procedures.
Colonialism in Tamil Nadu
The British bought a piece of coastal land called
Chennirayarpattinam or Channapatnam from a Vijayanagar
chieftain named Damerla Chennappa Nayaka. Here, the
company began the construction of a harbour and fort. The
fort, hence christened Fort St George, faced the sea and
some fishing villages, and it soon became the hub of
merchant activity. It gave birth to a new settlement area
called George Town (historically referred to as Black Town),
which grew to envelop the villages and led to the formation
of the city of Madras. The British took advantage of the petty
quarrels among the provincial rulers (divide and rule) to
expand their area of power. The British also fought four wars
with the Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and later his son
Tipu Sultan, which led to their eventual domination of India's
south
In 1858 the British Crown assumed direct rule in India. During
the early years the government was autocratic in many ways.
The opinion of Indians in their own affairs was not considered
by Britain as important. However, in due course the British Raj
began to allow Indians participation in local government.
Viceroy Ripon passed a resolution in 1882, which gave a
greater and more real share in local government to the
people.
Fort St. George currently houses the Tamil Nadu Legislative
assembly and other official building. Further legislation
such as the 1892 Indian councils Act and the 1909 "Minto-
Morley Reforms" eventually led to the establishment of the
Madras Legislative Council. Failure of the summer
monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the Ryotwari
system resulted in a severe famine in the Madras
Presidency during 1876–1877. The government and several
charitable institutions organised relief work in the city and
the suburbs. Funds were also raised from Europeans in
India and overseas for the famine relief. When the famine
finally ended with the return of the monsoon in 1878,
between three and five million people had perished. In
response to the devastating effects of the famine, the
government organised a Famine Commission in 1880 to
define the principles of disaster relief. The government also
instituted a famine insurance grant, setting aside 1.5
million Rupees. Other civic works such as canal building
and improvements in roads and railway were also
undertaken to minimise effects of any future famines.
Madras Presidency
 The Indian economy grew at about 1% per
year from 1880 to 1920, and the population
also grew at 1%. The result was, on average.
no long-term change in income levels.
Agriculture was still dominant, with most
peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive
irrigation systems were built, providing an
impetus for growing cash crops for export
and for raw materials for Indian industry,
especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and
tea
•India was divided into provinces. Bengal,
Bombay and Madras were called Presidencies.
• Local self-governing institutions were set-
up. Municipal committees and district boards
were set up in the towns and rural areas
respectively
•Some British administrators, through social
legislation, tried to reform the Indian society of
its ills like the Sati, the child infanticide, low
status of women etc.
 AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

• The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year

from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew
at 1%. The result was, on average. no long-term
change in income levels.
• Agriculture was still dominant, with most
peasants at the subsistence level.
• Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing
an impetus for growing cash crops for export and
for raw materials for Indian industry, especially
jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and tea.
Rural Development before Independence:
Rural development before independence can be
analysed under two broad heads:
(i) development efforts made by British
Government, and
(ii) efforts made by voluntary organizations.
• The traditional barter system received a severe set-
back during the British period. Introduction of cash
economy by the British enabled the peasants to adopt
commercial crops. In this way agricultural subsistence
economy gave rise to commercial crops.
• During the British period, the famines took place at
regular intervals. The colonial rulers felt that the
challenge of famine could be successfully met only
through irrigation. Subsequently, the government
appointed the Royal Commission on Agriculture in
India in 1926. The Commission submitted its report in
1928.
The ‘Quakers’ or ‘Friends’ are a set of people
who emerged to India. The Quakers were kind
of a rebel
• In the quarter of the nineteenth Century, a few more
• Quakers arrived in India to actively participate in
reconstruction of the society.
• But the unfortunate part was that the famines of 1895-
96 and 1899-1900
• converted these Quakers into simple relief workers.
• Thus the Quakers can be considered as one of the
major milestones in the pre Independence history of
• Rural Development.
• Rabindranath Tagore set up Srinikiten Institute of
Rural Reconstruction in 1921 with the aim of making
the rural population self-reliant and self-respectful.
• This initiative is popularly known as Sriniketan Rural
Reconstruction Programe.
• Tagore’s experiment in small area of a few villages
aimed at both economic as well as social development
of the rural community.
• Attempt were made to develop village crafts, schools
for boys and girls with boarding and lodging facility,
training for boys and girls in kitchen garden, poultry,
dairy, carpentry and other crafts.
• Rabindranath Tagore desired that the local
government should take up the responsibility of
rural development programs. This idea in those
days appeared to be strange and was not well
received by the Government.
• Tagore wanted increase of material wealth
through cooperative effort and increase of
cultural wealth through music, drama and dance
at Sriniketan.
• Thus Tagore’s contribution to all round
improvement of the villages covered by his
experiment is commendable.
Martandamexperiment was started in Madras under the
leadership of Yang Men’s Christian Association ‘to
bring about a complete upward development towards a
more abundant life for rural people, spiritually,
mentally, physically, socially and economically. The
Martandam rural reconstruction program was based
on certain principles known as “pillars of policy.” The
important principles were:

1.The program of rural reconstruction must be people’s

own and the personnel associated with the programs
were only there to guide the people to help
themselves with emphasis on “self-help.”
2. People of all communities must be included in the
developmental programs and focus of help must be on
the poorest of the poor
3. It must be comprehensive program covering
development of cottage industries like mats and
basket making, Palmyra sugar, hand-woven cloth,
poultry keeping, bee-keeping, etc.
4. Spirituality should be the basis of every program
5. Simplicity at all levels should be the keynote so as to
achieve the results with less cost, benefiting the
rural poor.
6. Honorary extension services must be tapped
whenever possible. In this program, demonstration
centers were established at selected places to
convince the people to take bee-keeping, poultry-
keeping, basket weaving, etc.
• Gandhijiwas one of the biggest actor who has
contribute towards the field of rural, his
experiments as well as inspiring thoughts have
always been the source of inspiration, for the
actors involved in rural development be it
volunteer, policy maker, researcher or anybody.
• With Gandhi's advent on the Indian scene in
1915, things began to change all round. Gandhi
looked at Rural Development in his own unique
way.
• Gandhi never equated happiness with economic
prosperity and physical pleasure alone.
• Gandhi never drew a sharp distinction
between economics and ethics. For him,
economic policies which were harmful to
the moral well-being of an individual,
community, society, country or a nation
were immoral and therefore, sinful.
• The thoughts of Gandhi towards the
development of rural areas are listed
below
• One of the ideal concepts of Mahatma Gandhi is
‘Sarvodaya’ the greatest good of all through truth and
non-violence became the ultimate goal of Gandhi in
social welfare.
• His methods of working towards this goal were
different from those of many other leaders and social
reformers.
• He took an integrated view of life and disapproved of
dividing an individual's life into different compartments.
• For him, social welfare meant the conscious submission
of the individual and a voluntary contribution of one's
possession to the society, which consisted of all, not a
majority and, in return, the social system, built upon the
principles of non-violence and democracy, was to give a
complete guarantee for the maximum development of
the individual's personality.
• He did not want India be industrialized in the modern
sense of the term. According to him the people are rooted
to the soil and the vast majority is living a hand to mouth
life.
• The most natural was the introduction of the spinning
wheel but not the handloom because according to him it
used to be so even a century ago.
• It was driven out not by economic pressure but by force
deliberately used as can be proved from authentic
records. He believed that the spinning wheel solves the
economic problem of India at a stroke.
• His idea of village development is that it is a complete
republic, independent of its neighbors for its own basic
needs and yet interdependent for many others in which
dependence is necessary.
• Thus, every village's first concern will be to grow its own food
crops, and cotton for its cloth.
• It should have a reserve for its cattle, recreation and
playground for adults and children.
• Then, if there is more land available, it will grow useful money
crops, thus excluding GANJA, tobacco, opium and the like. The
village will maintain a village theatre, school and public hall. It
will have its own waterworks ensuring clean water supply. This
can be done through controlled wells or tanks.
• Education will be compulsory up to the final basic course. As far
as possible, every activity will be conducted on the cooperative
basis. There will be no castes with graded untouchability.
• Nonviolence with its technique of Satyagraha and non-co-
operation will be the sanction of the village community. There
will be a compulsory service of village guards who will be
selected by rotation from the register maintained by the village.
Gandhijibelieved that THE REAL India lies in the
7,00,000 villages. If Indian civilization is to make its
full contribution to the building up of a stable world
order, it is this vast mass of humanity that has to be
made to live again. He was concerned about triple
malady which holds our villages fast in its grip:
(i)want of corporate sanitation;
(ii) deficient diet;
(iii) inertia
• He was worried that villagers don't appreciate
modern sanitary methods.
• They don't want to exert themselves beyond
scratching their farms or doing such labour as they
are used to. But despite these challenges he had
unquenchable faith in his mission.
• He urged his coworkers that they have to deal with
a chronic disease. Patience and perseverance, if
they have them, overcome mountains of difficulties.
• According to him the people involved in the act of
rural development are like nurses who may not leave
their patients because they are reported to have
an incurable disease.
• Gandhiji’sapproach and strategy of rural
development gets reflected in his initiative of
‘SamagraGramseva’ .
• According to him a SamagraGramasevamust know
everybody living in the village and render them such
service as he can. That does not mean that the
worker will be able to do everything single-handed.
• He will show them the way of helping themselves
and procure for them such help and materials as
they require. He will train up his own helpers.
• He will so win over the villagers that they will seek
and follow his advice
• The villages will be surveyed and a list prepared of things
that can be manufactured locally with little or no help
which may be required for village use or for sale outside,
such for instance as GHANI-pressed oil and cakes, burning
oil prepared through GHANIS, hand-pounded rice,
TADGUD, honey, toys, mats, hand-made paper, village
soap, etc. if enough care is thus taken, the villages, most
of them as good as dead or dying, will hum with life and
exhibit the immense possibilities they have of supplying
most of their wants themselves and of the cities and
towns of India.
• These ideas reveals his vision of self sufficient rural
development, the ideas has potentials to prove best
alternative even in the era of capitalism.
He had strategies for self reliant rural
entrepreneurship and rural marketing,
according to him the villagers should develop
such a high degree of skill that articles
prepared by them should command a ready
market outside. He was of the belief that when
villages are fully developed, there will be no
dearth in them of men with a high degree of
skill and artistic talent. According to him there
will be village poets, village artists, village
architects, linguists and research workers. In
shout, there will be nothing in life worth having
which will not be had in the villages.
According to him we have to make a choice
between India of the villages that are as
ancient as herself and India of the cities which
are a creation of foreign domination. He
believed that the cities dominate and drain the
villages so that they are crumbling to ruin. His
Khadiphilosophy reveals that cities must
subserve villages when that domination goes. He
considered exploitation of villages itself as
organized violence. He said that If we want
Swaraj to be built on non-violence, we will have
to give the villages their proper place
•He was heaving very different ideas about rural
technology i.e. use of technology in the process of
rural development.
•He considered the existence of power wheels for the
grinding of corn in thousands of villages as the limit
of our helplessness.
•He quotes that suppose India does not produce all
the engines or grinding machines. . . The planting of
such machinery and engines on a large scale in villages
is also a sign of greed.
•He gives a message that in any development before
thinking the benefits of development the care must
be taken that of displaced or to say who are going to
lose with that particular development rather than
gain.
• The source of inspiration behind the Inclusion of
Panchayat Raj in directive principles of state policies
and later in the form of 73rd Constitutional is
Gandhiji’s ideas on Panchayat Raj and Gram Swaraj.
• According to him the Government of the village will
be conducted by the Panchayatof five persons,
annually elected by the adult villagers, male and
female, possessing minimum prescribed qualifications.
• These will have all the authority and jurisdiction
required. Since there will be no system of
punishments in the accepted sense, this Panchayat
will be the legislature, judiciary and executive
combined to operate for its year of office.
• He presented an outline of village government.
Here there is perfect democracy based upon
individual freedom.
• The individual is the architect of his own
government. He even said that to model such a
village may be the work of a lifetime. Any lover
of true democracy and village life can take up a
village, treat it as his world and sole work, and
he will find good results.
• These thoughts are always proving to be the
source of inspirations for rural development
policy formulation and execution especially
administration and management of Rural
Development
Pre-Independence
Policies
Sriniketan Project
This is the earliest effort at rural development initiated by Shri.
Rabindranath Tagore in 1908 by establishing youth
organization in the Kaligram Progana of his Zamindari. He
tried to create a class of functionary workers who could learn
to identify themselves with the people. In 1921 he established
a Rural Reconstruction Institute at Shantiniketan in West
Bengal. A group of eight villages was the centre of the
programme. This project, co-incidentally, had many elements
of extension education in both spirit and action. Activities like
demonstration on scientific methods of agriculture, training of
youths, adult education and health co-operatives were
important aspects of the work aimed to make a group of
villages self-reliant. This was a very comprehensive
programme combining culture, health, education and
economic aspects of village life together. Concept of village
level workers and regeneration of village organization were
put to work. This project was closely guided by Mr. Leonard
Elmhirst, an Englishman trained in economics from USA.
Objectives of the programme:
1. To create a real interest in people for rural welfare work.
2. To study rural problems and to translate conclusions into
action.
3. To help villagers develop their resources and to improve
village sanitation.

These objectives were desired to be achieved by creating

a spirit of self-help, developing village leadership,
organizing village scouts called Brati Balika, establishing
training centres for handicrafts and establishing a
demonstration centre at Shantiniketan.
These demonstration centres conducted demonstration or
farmer’s holding for improved practices. Under this
programmes establishment of dairy to supply pure milk
and better animals to the farmers poultry farm for
development of farmers. The students and worker of the
institute were provided facilities for training in tanning,
pottery, embroidery tailoring etc.
Unfortunately, the work was carried out in 8 villages only.
Marthandham Project
The work was commenced by Dr. Spencer Hatch an
American Agricultural expert in Travancore under the
auspicious of young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in
1921. The aim of the project was to bring more abundant life
for rural people. It was intended to symbolize the three-fold
development, not only spiritual, mental and physical but also
economic and social. The essential technique of the centre
was ‘Self-help with intimate expert counsel’. From the
demonstration centre at Marthandam, about hundred
villages were covered through Y.M.C.A. centres in villages.
The extension secretary was appointed to supervise the
activities of the group.
Marthandam was in a strategic position to serve the villages.
It kept prize bulls and goats, model bee-lives, demonstration
plots for improving grain and vegetable seeds, poultry runs
with prize laying-hens, a weaving shed, etc. Inside the centre,
there was equipment like honey extractors, health charts and
the items needed for other cottage vocations. At the centre,
cottage vocations were taught and agricultural implements
tested. The emphasis throughout was on self-help and co-
operation. The successful output of this project was the Egg-
selling Club. In 1939 which became a self governing body.
Another co-operative society was honey club, where the
villagers
were taught the use of modern bee-hives and extracted
honey scientifically. The honey was cured and marketed
co-operatively. There were Bull clubs, weaver’s blub also.
The activities conducted at centre could meet the
mental, physical and spiritual needs of the villagers. The
main shortcomings of the project were inadequate funds
and governmental help. The activities were mainly
organized the Marthandam and the village workers did
not stay in villages. The religious bias of the institution was
also a major hindrance in its activities.
Activities of the project:
1. Keeping superior bulls and bucks for breeding.
2. Demonstration of honey bee hives and plot with
vegetables and improved grains.
3. The main emphasis was self help and co-operation.
4. Most successful projects were the egg selling club and
the honey club.
Gurgaon Experiment
Rural upliftment movement on amass scale was first started by
Mr. F. L. Brayne, Deputy Commissioner in the Gurgaon district
of Punjab state. He was prompted by the backwardness,
poverty and misery of the people. A village guide had been
posted to act as a channel through which the advice of the
experts in various departments could be passed on to the
villagers. The programme of introducing improved seeds,
implements, the methods of cultivation etc. was started
throughout the district. As the village guides were not
technical men, very little permanent value was achieved in
fact. The project could not develop leadership in the villages
that would continue work when the village guides had left the
villages.
The work again gathered momentum, after 1933, where Mr.
Brayne was appointed Commission of Rural Reconstruction in
Punjab. During 1935-36, the Government of India granted Rs.1
crore for various rural works which acted as a stimulus.
Nevertheless the project could not make much headway as
the local talent was not utilized for development process.
Most of the work done by exercising authority over the people
rather than by voluntary participation of local people.
Activities:
1. Appointment of village guides.
2. Propaganda through films, folk songs, dramas etc.
3. Rural Economics and domestic Economics Schools.

Short Comings:
1. A one man show.
2. Village guides were un-experienced and untrained.
3. No comprehensive planning.
4. No continuity in the work.
5. Limited to few villages.
6. Force not persuasion.
Sarvodaya Programme
The term ‘Sarvodaya’ means welfare of all. Sarvodaya
represents a higher model idealism, a more dynamic political
ideology and a more radical culture. Sarvodaya movement is
a people’s movement to carry forward the ideas and
programmes sponsored by Gandhi for the welfare of all and
the awakening of all. Followers are generally called
Sarvodayites or Sarvodayavadis.
The foundations of the movement were laid by Gandhi based
on the principles of truth, non-violence and love. Its most
prominent leader was Vinobha Bhave. The basis of the
Sarvodaya according to Vinobha, rests on the three fold
programmes: Gramdan, Khadi and Shanti Sena.
According to many historians, the Sarvodaya movement in
India represents an attempt to apply to the task of social
reconstruction.
Gandhi developed the concept in the 1930s. The programme
resulted in the eighteen fold activities and reforms. In 1948, it
was led by Vinobha. This programme formed the basis of the
Bhoodan campaign which was also a popular movement.
Sarvodaya movement in Tamil Nadu is the oldest dating back
to the 1920s.
Principles of the Movement
 There is no centralized authority, and there is political
and economic atmosphere in the villages.
 Politics will not be the instrument of power but an
agency of service and Rajnity will yield place to
Loknity.
 All people will be imbued with the spirit of love,
fraternity, truth, non-violence and self-sacrifices. Society
will function on the basis on the non-violence.
 There will be no party system and majority rule and
society will be free from the evil of the tyranny of the
majority.
 The Sarvodaya society is socialist in the true sense of
the term. All calling will be the same moral, social and
economical values. The individual personality has the
fullest scope for development.
 The Sarvodaya society is based on equality and liberty.
There is no room in it for unwholesome some competition,
exploitation and class-hatred.
 Sarvodaya stands for the progress of all. All individual
should do individual labour and follow the ideal of non
possession. Then it will be possible to realize the goal of
from each according to his work and to each according
to his needs.
 There will be no private property, the instrument of
exploitation and the source of social distinctions and
hatred. Similarly, the profit motive will disappear, rent and
interest will go.
 The Sarvodaya Movement is based on truth, non-violence
and self-denial.
 The Sarvodaya Movement makes a sincere and bold
attempt to create the necessary atmosphere to bring
together such individuals with an unwavering faith in the
welfare of all.
 The gain to the individual would be small. The
development of each quality depends upon every other.
If all the qualities are improved a little, then the individual
would gain more.
The main objectives
1. Emancipation of disparity between social classes.
2. Emphasis on Spirit.
3. Highlights on Moral Values.
4. Stateless Society.
5. Party-less Democracy.
6. Self-sufficient and Decentralized Village Communities.
7. Non-violence.

Factors affecting the movement

The positive factors which influence the movement are
working for the classless and casteless society, experiments
with non-violence, pledging to work for the last man,
adoption of simple life and use of khadi, encouraging
inter-caste marriage, empowering women, faith in party
less democracy, commitment for Gram Swaraj, free from
bossism, working for national unity and purity, organising
shramdan, encouraging youth in the movement and
organising periodic conferences and special events.
The main objectives
1. To increase crop production.
2. To control extra expenditure.
3. To improve the health.
4. To develop women education.
5. Home development work.
The Sarvodaya Movement has as its target the
establishment of a whole network of such self-supporting
village communities. The family relationships which are
confined at present to the blood group will be extended
to cover the whole village where distinctions based on
race, creed, caste, language and so forth will completely
be eliminated. Agriculture will be so planned that all the
people will have enough to consume. Industry will be
conducted on a cottage basis till all the people in the
village are gainfully employed. The needs of the village
will be determined by the people of the village
themselves, through Village Council, representative of the
whole village.
The negative factors include groupism and casteism, lack
of tolerance, hunger for power, thirst for publicity, lack of
devotion and commitment, gap between leaders and
workers, practice of hidden dowry system, misusing foreign
aid and the hidden corruption, frustration among workers,
lack of unity and taking a shelter under political parties.
Problems confronting the Sarvodayites emerge from their
workplace, community and non-Sarvodaya
neighbourhood.
The Sarvodaya movement is still very active and was
adopted by Sri Lankans in 1956. The Sarvodaya movement
in Tamil Nadu is propagated through three prominent
magazines, two in Tamil and one in English. Recently, this
movement also spread to a small community in the USA.
1950-1970

NATIONAL POLICY
YEAR PROGRAMME
1952 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

1953 NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE

1961 INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE DISTRICT
PROGRAMME

1963 APPLIED NUTRITION PROGRAMME

1964-65 INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL AREA
PROGRAMME

1965 INTEGRATED CATTLE DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME
1966-67 HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES PROGRAMME
1966 FARMERS TRAINING CENTRE
1966 MULTIPLE CROP PROGRAMME
1970 DRAUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAM
1970 DRY FARMING AREA PROGRAM
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME 1952
 Biggest rural reconstruction work scheme by
Government of india
 “ community development is an attempt to
bring about a social and economic
transformation of village through the
efforts of the people themselves”.
AIMS:

 (a) achieving substantial agricultural production and

considerable progress in the sphere of
communication, rural health and rural education

 (B) transforming the socio-economic life of the village

through a process of integral cultural change.
LONG TERM OBJECTIVES:
 The long – term objective of community development projects
refers to holistic development of rural life through optimum
utilisation of physical and human resources. It is further oriented
to provide all sorts of facilities available in a Welfare State to the
ruralites.
FIELDS:
 1. Agricultural and allied fields:

•Reutilisation of virgin and waste lands

1

•Repairing of old wells and digging new wells

2

•Use of hyv seeds, manures, fertilisers, tractors

3

•Animal husbandry, poultry farming, fishery

4

•Growth of vegetables and plants

5
 2. Organisation
3. Education
 4. Employment
 5. Health Services:
Provision for mobile, permanent dispensaries, arrangements for
maternal care, medical aid during pregnancy, midwife service, child
care etc.
 6. Communication:
Repair of old roads, construction of new roads and arrangement
for transportation and communication facilities.
 7. Vocational training:
Imparting vocational training in the field of tailoring, embroidery,
carpentry etc.
 8. Supply of drinking water:
Attempting to provide safe drinking water by repairing old wells or
constructing new ones.
 9. Social welfare:
Social welfare activities include rehabilitation of old, disabled and
destitute, provision for better housing, organisation of sports,
promotion of cultural activities etc.
CRITISICM:
 The failure of the Community Development
Programme is attributed to the lack of harmony
among various departments of the government.
 The success of the Community Development
Programme depends, for the most part, on the
emancipation of the rural women. But the
emancipation of the rural women is possible
only through the active cooperation and support
of a large number of trained female workers.
But at present they exist in very small number.
1953

NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE

 "No plan can have any chance of success
unless the millions of small farmers in the
country accept its objective, share in its
making, regard it as their own, and are
prepared to make the sacrifices necessary for
implementing it. The lesson to be derived from
the working of the G. M. F. programmes thus
were that all aspects of rural life are
interrelated and that no lasting results can be
achieved if individual aspects of it are dealt
with in isolation”.
 This analysis led the Committee to propose the
establishment of a “National Extension
Organisation” for intensive rural work
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE DISTRICT
PROGRAMME
1961
 A new programme named as IADP was
formulated which was launched gradually from
1960. The third five year plan (1961- 1966)
incorporated this programme into the planned
development process.
 This programme was popularly known as a
"package programme". This name was given
because of the collective and simultaneous
application of all practices of improved seeds,
irrigation, fertilizer, plant protection,
implements, credit, etc.
 This programme was started in July 1960 in
seven selected districts in various states. They
were
 (I) West Godavari in AP,
(ii) Shahabad in Bihar
(iii) Tanjore in Tamil Nadu,
(iv) Raipur in MP,
(v) Ludhiana in Punjab;
(vi)Pali in Rajasthan; and
(vii) Aligarh in UP.
 The selections of these districts were done on
the basis of their high potentiality for increasing
the yield in shorter time. These selected
districts had assured water supply for irrigation,
well developed cooperatives, good physical
infrastructure and minimum hazards
 . OBJECTIVES:
IMPACT
The programme was a grand success. It was later
extended to a total of 114 districts in 1964-65. According to
C.SUBRAMANIAM,”it is one of miracle stories of modern
development that the allegedly backward tradition bound
indian farmer has been so responsive to new technology”
 64% of the growth in the output of food grains in the IADP
districts was due to capital and knowledge
 It paved the way for green revolution
APPLIED NUTRITION PROGRAMME
1963
 Nutrition worth 25 paisa/child/day and 50
paisa per women per day was provided for
52 days in a year.
 The idea was to provide better seed and
encourage kitchen garden, poultry farming,
beehive keeping etc, though it did not cause
much impact
 The applied nutrition programme was
introduced as a pilot scheme at Orissa in
1963 which later extended to Tamilnadu and
uttarpradesh.
OBJECTIVES:
INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL AREA
PROGRAMME
1964-65
 `
 During the third five year plan 30 per cent increase in
food grain production was achieved through IADP.
 As a result of this a revised version of IADP with less
intensive and therefore less costly programme was
formulated and launched in selected blocks of 150
districts. It was named as IAAP.
 The selected blocks were to have the same physical
conditions as in the case of selection of districts for
IADP.
 Under this programme 20 to 25 per cent of the
cultivated area of the country was brought under the
intensive agricultural development. Implementation
of IAAP was accepted by Agricultural Production
Board and came into operation in March 1964.
 The uses of interrelated factors of physical, social and
institutional were also followed in a strategic combination
mainly to produce an impact on agricultural production.
 There were many weaknesses of deficiency in inter-
agency and inter-personal coordination, inadequate staff
motivation, malpractices, non-formulation of local
production plans on proper lines and delay in delivery of
inputs to farmers. However, the production and
productivity were modest.
 The highly adverse conditions (droughts) during 1966-68
served as a big blow. The foodgrains output was still
insufficient to meet the rising domestic demands.
Imports were also continued to supplement the local
production
INTEGRATED CATTLE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
1965
 Intensive Cattle Development Projects were
designed to provide cattle owners a package
of improved practices and envisaged intensive
coverage of 1 lakh cows and buffaloes of
breedable-age for achieving marked impact on
milk production.
 The ICDPs were located in selected areas
which had good potential and conditions to
respond to cattle development programmes.
The ICDP had a three-tier structure in which
Projects, Regional Cattle Development (RCD)
Blocks, (4 per project) and Stockmen Centres
(25 per RCD block, each looking after 1000
cattle) were placed in the descending order of
the pyramid.
OBJECTIVES:
HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES PROGRAMME
1966-67
 HYVP is launched in 1966, which helped the
country in attaining self-sufficiency in food.
 The technological development did not remain
confined to the introduction of high yielding
crop varieties alone. These were combined with
the application of high analysis and balanced
fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection, improved
implements etc, which made a 'green
revolution' possible in the country.
 The pervasive influence of high yielding
technology spread to other areas of farm
production such as animal production, such as
animal production, fishery, sericulture, social
forestry etc.
 Punjab, Haryana and Western parts of UP were
initially selected for the phased launching of
this strategy.
 The cultivation of HYV since 1966-67 had
resulted in a substantial increase in foodgrains
production.
 Wheat production was doubled.
 Rice production also had a substantial
increase, though not as much as in the case of
wheat.
 The target of coverage of 2.5 crore hectares of
area under HYVs of cereals and millets under
fourth five year plan was exceeded. The
coverage was more than four crore hectares
DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME
1970
 Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) is the earliest
area development programme launched by the
Central Government in 1973-74 to tackle the special
problems faced by those fragile areas, which are
constantly affected by severe drought conditions.
 These areas are characterized by large human and
cattle populations which are continuously putting
heavy pressure on the already degraded natural
resources for food, fodder and fuel.
 The major problems are
1.continuous depletion of vegetative cover,
2.increase in soil erosion and
3. fall in ground water levels due to continuous
exploitation without any effort to recharge the
underground aquifers.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

1970-71
 Nearly 75 percent of the cultivated land of
the country can be termed dryland.

 To encourage increase in production in this

dryland of the country, the centrally
sponsered scheme of integrated dryland
agricultural development was initiated in
1970-71 with the objective to improve the
productivity levels in the dry farming areas of
the country.
BENGAL FAMINE (1943)

DUE TO CROP FAILURE IN BENGAL AND MOST PARTS OF THE INDIA

CAUES OF POOR MONSOON

BRITISH RULERS WERE SO CONCERNED ABOUT WORLD WAR 2

AND INDIAN TRADERS WERE HOARDING THE FOOD TO SELL IT IN A HIGH C

* 4 MILLION DIED OF
HUNGER
THROUGHOUT
INDIA
Expansion
of farming • First phase of green
lands rev. 1960s

Double
cropping , • In late 1960s and
irrigation early 1970s
system

• In
HYV seeds late1970
s……

*
* ICAR were experimenting over food
crops…while the green revolution spreading out
in other countries
* But we didn’t have a successful ideas
earlier in 1967
we started our green revolution by
expanding farming lands
But then there was a high increase in
population than crop production

*
* we built resevoirs and dams to store the water
that was wasted in the monsoon times…
* So that we can grow other crops in NON
MONSOON seasons……..DOUBLE CROPING..
* IRRIGATION SYSTEM and DAMS RESEVOIRS all
were constructrd many in these times..
* Irrigation system was one of the very main
technique we invented .

*
Monsoon rainfall

STREAMS , RIVERS FOR FARMING AREAS

BUT IN SUMMER
WE HAVE NO
RAIN

WE HAVE NO SOURCE OF WATER FOR

AGRICULTURE
MONSOON
RAINS RESERVOIRS
DAMS

DOUBLE CROPPING IRRIGATION

THOUGH WE HAVE A GOOD
PRODUCTION OF CROPS.

OUR POPULATION GROWTH WAS

INCREASING RAPIDLY
 * HYV seeds got more succesful in INDIA ..unless
in any countries.
* This lead to the green revolution in india
* HYV was mainly only on – RICE , WHEAT ,
MILLET , CORN .

*
NORMAN BOURLAG
More water CROP DUSTING

HYV seeds

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

FUNGICIDES
FERTILIZERS
* Was a prosperous year in agriculture for india
* 130 million tons of agricultural products .
* A very big revolution for farmers .
* As green revolution concentrated mostly on
rice , wheat , corn and millet ….there was no
such revolution south india..

*
* Increase in agricultural production.
* Prosperity of farmers
* Capitalistic countries
* Ploughing back to profit
* Industrial growth
* Change in the attsssitude of the farmers
* Reduction in import if the food
* Rural employment and education

*
* Because of more use of pesticides and
chemicals and fertilizers more the industries
evolved in india.
* It created more jobs and more education into
our land
EDUCATED
 FROM WORLD
BANK
WE LOST THE
FERTILITY OF OUR
LAND

CORN PRODUCTIO CHANGE IN MONSOON

 * In 1998 after a long time we imported onion
fromother countries .
* And now 2015 we imported sugar ..
* And still there are villages in orrisa , kalahandi
who still are beyond poverty line and without
proper soil .

CROP
PRODUCTION
* There was very poor monsoon in these two
years….
* In 1979 its was t a big deal because they had
some water for farming
* But in 1987 it become again a great loss in
argicultural fields and farmers faced a big loss.
* Which is because of the fertilizers we used in
land …

*
* There was a gradual decrease in the production
of hyv seeds and the quality of land was also
getting spoiled.
* Lands getting dry , monsoons getting poor ,
fertilizers were increasing , government
pressure was also increasing to produce crops
on time..
* This again lead to slow famine and poverty and
sucide of farmers
SMALL FARMERS DEVELOPMENT
AGENCIES (1971)
The Small Farmers Development Agencies
(SFDA) programme, aimed at the target group
of small and marginal farmers and
agricultural labourers, began in 1971 to assist
persons specifically identified from this target
group in raising their income level by helping
them to adopt improved agricultural technology
and acquiring means of increasing
agricultural production like minor irrigation
sources, and on the other hand, to diversify their
farm economy through subsidiary activities
like animal husbandry, dairying, horticulture
etc.
THE OUTCOME
THE REASONS AND WAYS
THROUGH WHICH NEW POLICIES
INVOKE
ITEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME(1976)
The concept of an Integrated Rural Development
Programme was first proposed in the Central
budget of 1976-77. This programme was
intended to 'assist the rural population to derive
economic benefits from the developmental assets
of each area. Though conceptually this
programme was comprehensive in scope and
sought to secure, through a process of block level
planning, fuller exploitation of the local growth
potential with a view to making an optimum
impact on the local poverty situation.
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME(1976)
A number of programmes have been operating in the country aimed at improving the
economic conditions of the rural poor. None of these programmes covered the whole
country, though a large number of blocks in the country had more than one of these
programmes operating simultaneously in the same area for the same target group. This
territorial overlap combined with the different funding patterns of these programmes,
not only created considerable difficulties in effective monitoring and accounting, it
often blurred the programme objectives. In practice, therefore, these programmes were
reduced to mere subsidy giving programmes shorn of any planned approach to the
development of the rural poor as an inbuilt process in the development of the area and its
resources. It was, therefore, proposed that such multiplicity of programmes for the rural
poor operated through a multiplicity of agencies should be ended and be replaced by one
single integrand programme operative throughout the country. The programme was to be
called the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Of the 350 million people
below the poverty line in the country, around 300 million lived in the rural areas,
possessing little or virtually no assets. They needed to be enabled to acquire productive
assets and/or appropriate skills and vocational opportunities and then backed effectively
with services to increase production and productivity. If through special programmes of
specific beneficiary oriented assistance this group could be brought above the poverty line
a major impact would be secured on the overall economic levels of the country.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
PROGRAMME
The need for a Drought Prone Area Programme
(DPAP) was felt in mid seventies, from several
considerations. The drought prone areas
accounted for nearly 19 percent of the total area
of the country and 12 percent of the population.
Their overall productivity was low. There was
frequent migration of the inhabitants along
with their livestock. These areas are considered to
be a continuing source of strain on the
financial resources of the nation, by way of
drought relief etc. The main thrust of the DPAP
in the fifth Plan was to restore a proper
ecological balance in the drought prone areas.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
DROUGHT PRONE AREAS

The drought-prone and arid districts of

Ramanathapuram, Pudukottai, Sivaganga
and Villupuram in the State have a very
good distribution of wetlands.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
PROGRAMME
The important elements constituting the strategy
for such ecologically integrated development are
listed below:
i) Development and management of irrigation
resources;
ii) Soil and moisture conservation and afforestation;
iii) Re-structuring of cropping pattern and pasture
development;
iv) Changes in agronomic practices;
v) Livestock development;
vi) Development of small and marginal farmers and
agricultural labour through subsidiary vocations.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
PROGRAMME
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
PROGRAMME
The main elements of the strategy of integrated
agricultural development in drought prone areas
are not the concern of one single existing
department of Government but concern at least
five main Departments namely, Agriculture,
Irrigation, Animal Husbandry, Forestry and 8
Cooperation. There was a real danger that any
integrated plan of development of a drought
prone area may flounder on the rock of
departmentalism. To get over these problems it
seemed necessary to opt for an organizational
innovation.
CLASSIFICATION
DESERT DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
HOT DESERTS
COLD DESERT
CLIMATE ZONE
DESERT DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
The Desert Development Programme aimed at checking
further desertification of the desert areas and raising
productivity of the local resources to raise the income and
employment levels of the local inhabitants. The
programme was implemented both in the hot and cold arid
zones of the country. The emphasis was on arresting
desertification through activities, which restore ecological
balance, stabilises sand dunes, and facilitate soil and
water conservation. Plantation of shelterbelts, adoption of
water harvesting measures and development of pastures to
sustain the livestock economy was to be vigorously
pursued. Exploitation of the natural resources of these
areas has to be closely linked to replenishment of these
resources
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
The Ministry of Rural Development is administering the
watershed programme to check the diminishing
productivity and loss of natural resources. Projects are
implemented by District Rural Development Agencies/Zilla
Parishads (DRDA/ZP) through Project Implementing
Agencies (PIA). PIAs could be a Line Department (of the
State Government), Panchayati Raj Institutions or a
reputed NGO. One PIA normally handles 10-12 watershed
projects covering an area of about 5000-6000 hectares. The
PIA is required to maintain a technical team of 4 experts
called Watershed Development Team (WDT) and individual
projects (500 hectares) are planned and executed by the local
people living in the watershed area called the Watershed
Association (WA) through an elected body called
Watershed Committee (WC).
WATER SHEDS
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
The Ministry has brought out a new initiative called
Hariyali with an objective of empowering PRI’s both
financially and administratively in
implementation of Watershed Development
Programmes. Under this initiative, all ongoing
area development programmes namely, Integrated
Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP),
Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and
Desert Development Programme (DDP) are to be
implemented through the PRIs. New projects under
the aforesaid area development programmes are
being implemented in accordance with the
Guidelines for Hariyali from 1 April 2003.
WATER STORAGE IN WASTELANDS
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
In the new arrangement, Gram Panchayats shall implement
projects under overall supervision and guidance of Project
Implementation Agencies (PIA). An intermediate panchayat
may be the PIA for all the projects sanctioned to a particular
Block/Taluka. In case, these Panchayats are not adequately
empowered, then the Zilla Panchayat can either act as PIA itself
or may appoint a suitable Line Department like Agriculture,
Forestry /Social Forestry, Soil Conservation, etc., or an Agency
of the State Government/ University/Institute as PIA. Failing
these options, the ZP/DRDA may consider appointing a reputed
Non-Government Organization (NGO) in the district with
adequate experience and expertise in the implementation of
watershed projects or related area development works as the PIA
after thoroughly examining their credentials.
WASTELAND DISTRIBUTION
WATERSTORAGE IN WASTE LANDS
SUJALA PROJECT
WATERSHED PROJECT IN ANDHRA
PRADESH
WATERSHED CONSTRUCTION
TRAINING OF RURAL YOUTH FOR
SELF EMPLOYMENT
PROGRAMME(1979)
With the objective of providing technical
skills to rural youths to enable them to take
up self-employment in the broad fields of
agriculture and allied activities, industries,
services, and business activities, the scheme
of Training of Rural Youth for Self-
Employment was started on 15th August
1979.
NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT
PROGRAMME
The problem of employment in rural areas is mainly of seasonal
unemployment and underemployment. Fuller employment
opportunities for the rural work force need to be found within the
agricultural and allied sectors themselves, through
intensification and diversification of agriculture based on
expansion of irrigation and improved technology. However, the
very dimensions of the problem called for a multi-pronged
strategy aiming on the one hand at resource development of
vulnerable sections of the population, and on the other, provides
supplementary employment opportunities to the rural poor,
particularly during lean periods, in a manner which at the same
time contribute directly to the creation of durable assets for the
community. It is necessary to view employment as an
indivisible component of development and ensure that both in
concept and implementation, employment and development
become catalysts of each other, and the benefits to the
community from the limited resources available are maximised.
RURAL LANDLESS EMPLOYMENT
GUARENTEE PROGRAMME
RLEGP was introduced from 15th August, 1983 with the
objective of (a) improving and expanding employment
opportunities for the rural landless with a view to
providing guarantee of employment to at least one member
of every landless household up to 100 days in a year and
(b) creating durable assets for strengthening the
infrastructure so as to meet the growing requirements of
the rural economy. An outlay of Rs.500 crores to be fully
financed by the Central Government was provided under
this programme in the Sixth Plan. The implementation of
the programme was entrusted to the States/UTs, but they
were required to prepare specific projects for approval by a
Central Committee.
JAWAHAR ROZGAR
YOJHANA/JAWAHAR GRAM
SAMRIDHI YOJANA
The NREP and RLEGP were merged in April
1989 under the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY).
The JRY was meant to generate meaningful
employment opportunities for the unemployed
and underemployed in rural areas through the
creation of economic infrastructure and
community and social assets. Initially, the JRY
also included the Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
and the MWS. Both these schemes were made
into independent schemes in 1996.
JAWAHAR ROZGAR
YOJHANA/JAWAHAR GRAM
SAMRIDHI
The JRY wasYOJANA
revamped from 1 April 1999 as the
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). It now
became a programme for the creation of rural
economic infrastructure with employment
generation as a secondary objective. The 60:40
wage labour/material ratios in the JRY was
relaxed. The programme is implemented by the
village panchayats and provides for specific
benefits to SCs/STs, the disabled and the
maintenance of community assets created in
the past. Since inception it has generated 27
crore man days of employment each year (on
an average).
JAWAHAR ROZGAR
YOJHANA/JAWAHAR GRAM
SAMRIDHI
The 8th PlanYOJANA
took a note that the rural poverty is
inextricably linked with low rural productivity
and unemployment, including
underemployment. Hence, it is imperative to
improve productivity and increase employment
in rural areas. Moreover, more employment
needs to be generated at higher levels of
productivity in order to generate higher output.
The fact remains that after 40 years of planned
development about 200 million are still poor in
rural India
TRIBES IN INDIA

 OVER ALL
LAYOUT
HILL AND TRIBAL AREA
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
With a view to removing regional disparities,
particularly in less endowed or disadvantaged
areas like the hill and tribal areas, special sub-
plans of development were introduced in the mid
seventies. Special financial and fiscal
concessions, credit on softer terms and
subsidies were made available to under-
developed areas to attract increased industrial
investment. A Minimum Needs Programme
was designed to secure to the rural areas within
a reasonable time frame certain basic amenities
in the field of education, health, drinking
water, electrification, roads and house-sites.
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
 TRIBAL POPULATION AND LITERACY RATE
TRIBAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN
SCHEMES FOR TRIBAL
DEVELOPMENT
The tribal majority areas in the country are broadly
divided into three categories, viz.,
(i) predominantly tribal statedunion territories
(ii) Scheduled area, and
(iii) Non-Scheduled areas in the states. All the tribal-
majority States and Union Territories are placed in a
special category for availing funds.

The development and administration of tribal areas is

accepted as a special 68 responsibility of the central
govemment even though they are integral parts of the
concerned states. Financial provisions for their
development were considered in detail by the constituent
assembly itself.
SCHEMES FOR TRIBAL
DEVELOPMENT
The schemes have been divided into two categories, viz.,
(i) central sector programmes which are fully financed by the
central govemment.
(ii) the centrally sponsored programmes which are partly financed
by the central govemment, and rest of the expenditure meted out by the
concerned State government.
According to Dr. B.D. Sharma, financial resources for developmental
programmes in a state may comprise the following elements.
i) investment in the central and centrally sponsored schemes;
ii) state revenues;
iii) share from certain central revenue;
iv) plan assistance from the central government and
v) grants under Article 275 (1) on the basis of the recommendations
of the Finance Commission
 TRIBAL
HOMELANDS
SCHEMES FOR TRIBAL
DEVELOPMENT
The utilisation of State funds is broadly classified under two
categories.
1. Plan and
2. non-plan.
The plan technically covers all those items which are included
in the State or the Central plan. The non-plan includes
expenditure on general administration as also on the
maintenance of development schemes.
The Special Central Assistance (SCA) for tribal sub-plans is
allocated between different states on the basis of three criteria as
under.
i) the tribal population of Sub-Plan area;
ii) the geographical area of the Sub-Plan; and
iii) the per capita gross output of the state.
SCHEMES FOR TRIBAL
DEVELOPMENT
The weightage for these three elements has been
fixed in a certain proportion. While the first two
criteria are simple, the quantum of assistance
on the basis of the third criterion is determined
with reference to the difference between the
inverse of the State's per capita gross product
and the inverse of the per capita gross national
product. The financing agencies rendering their
services in the tribal areas are Central
Government, State Governments, institutions,
viz., commercial banks, co-operative banks,
NABARD and voluntary organisation
TRIBAL ASSET AND EMPLOYMENT
PROGRAMMES
For improving the economic status of tribals, special programmes were launched,
during 1980's, mainly
(a) the Asset Programme and
(b) the Employment Programme.
The Asset Programme aims at the over all integrated development of rural life
through the removal of poverty and unemployment in rural areas. In this
programme productive assets are directly given to the poor. It is believed 73 that
income generated from these productive assets would not only be sufficient to
repay the bank loans but will help the assisted families to cross the 'poverty
line'. This programme is popularly known as Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP).
The Employment Programme on the other hand aims at providing employment
through public works during the adverse agricultural season. The employment
programme asserts that poverty persists because of the lack of employment
opportunities. The earlier employment schemes were non permanent in nature
but the employment programme launched from Oct 1 980, popularly known as
National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) is considered as a
permanent plan programme.
REFERENCE

1. Anonymous. Five-Year Plan Documents from 1-10 Plan.

Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
2. Anonymous (2006): Towards Faster and More Inclusive
Growth – An Approach to the 11th Five Year plan (2007-2012);
Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
3. Annmali, R., Manoharan, M., Netajiseetaraman, R. and
Somasundaram, S. 1994. Rural Development and Extension
Programme Planning. Palaniappa Printers, Tirunelveli.
4. Subhash Chandra, et. el. Eds. 2004. Berojgari Nivaran –
Safalata ki Kahani Yuva Kisano ki Jubani. Bulletin; Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Shikohpur, IARI; pp 1-77.
5. Subhash Chandra and R. Singh. 1999. Opportunities for
self employment of rural youth through agrobased vocations. In
Krishi Vigyan Kendra – A Reality; P. Das and B.S. Hansra,
Eds. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Delhi; pp 209-23.
REFERENCE

6. Subhash Chandra, G.C. Sharma and K.T.N. Nambiar.

1991. Lab-to-Land Programme boosts production in
Gujarat. Indian Farming: 40(12):34-36.
7. Subhash Chandra and R.S. Kurothe. 1989. In Gujarat
watershed, droughts lose their sting. Indian Farming.
39(9):27-29.
8. Subhash Chandra, Arjun Prasad and K.T.N. Nambiar.
1986. Integrated watershed management - An approach
for overall development of agriculture. Ind. J. Agri. Chem.
19:101-110.
9. Subhash Chandra. 2004. Agricultural Extension in
India – Empowering the Farmers. Agriculture Today,
Vol.VII (9):43-45
 Forestry in India

A Story of Management
Failure
What is forestry

 Creation, conservation and scientific

management of forests and utilization of
their resources.
 protection, perpetuation, menstruation,
management, valuation and finance as well
as utilization of forest products.
Facts about Indian forest

 per capita forest land is only 0.08 hectare

 About 200 million is partially or wholly
dependent on forest resources for their
livelihoods.
 Forestry contribute about 1 per cent to GDP
 Large-scale industry - pulp and paper - uses
only about 10% of forest raw material, while
about 23,000 sawmills and a large number of
cottage unit's process 90%.
 The unrecorded and partly illegal felling
amounts to more than half of the commercially
harvested timber and firewood
 Recorded forest in India -67.5 mha(20.55%)
 actual forest cover -63.3mha (19.27%)
 Only 38 million ha of forests are well stocked
(crown density above 40%).
History of forest management

 Ancient Indian scriptures and literature

mention forest management
 scientific study of managed forests and
came with the colonial rule only
 The Indian Forest Department was set up
with British officers in senior positions and
Indian officers to assist them.
 Forest Act of 1878- control of all reserved
forests including harvesting if timber and
restricting access of the people and livestock to
these forests.
 1890 almost every province in India had a
permanent forest administration to look after
the state forests.
 Historically India had forest cover 65%
 It shrunk to 40% by the middle of the century
 Since India’s independence the figure has
shrunk to 19% today.
Causes of forest management failure

 Indian Forest Act 1927 -restricting people’s

access to ‘government’ forests
 The Forest Act 1952- village communities
should in no event be permitted to use forests
at the cost of 'national interest'.
 rights to manage forests were vested with the
state governments till 1976
 After that forests put on the concurrent list
 Prior to the Forest (Conservation ) Act 1980 the
state governments could take any forest land
out of forestry and put to other use such as
agriculture, roads, and habitation settlement.
 Until 1988, the policy lands used for
commercial purposes
 Trends in Forest Management
 Social forestry- moving tree planting activities
away from traditional forests and into other
common lands and private lands
 It intended to serve the needs of the people at their
‘doors’ and reduce their dependence upon the
natural forests.
 It provided incentive to large-scale industries to
clear fell ecologically valuable degraded forest
areas and common property lands for
plantations.
 It created a uniform monoculture of timber
species.
 It escalated commercial felling
 CFM, PFM, JFM emerged out of the failure of
colonial and social forestry and the Indian
government’s forest policies in general.
 CFM-local community initiatives towards
regenerating, protecting and managing public
and other forest lands.
 (PFM) management systems that are collaborative in
nature.
 The Sukho Majri project underlined the imperative of
involving the communities in the protection, conservation,
management and sharing of natural resources.
 Forest Policy in 1988
 Shifting the focus from revenue generation to conservation
 Answering the subsistence needs of the communities.
 The policy gives higher priority to environmental stability
than to earning revenue.
 It discourages monocultures and prefers mixed forest
 The rights and concessions enjoyed by them should be
fully protected.
 JFM) refers to formalized local
community and forest department
agreements relating to regenerating,
protecting and managing state
owned, public forest lands.
 The ministry issued guidelines on June
1 1990 regarding jfm.
 share in usufructs
 MP provides100% share of the net profit
of the harvesting of timber and bamboo
to the JFM.
 As on10.9.2003- 84632 JFM committees
 looking after 17.33 million ha of forest lands
except Meghalaya ( which adopted JFM after
10.9.2003)
 28 State Governments have adopted JFM.
 Almost 60% of the forest cover within the tribal
districts of the country, and the tribal families
are automatically covered in the JFM
programme in these areas.
 As on 10.9.2003, approximately 8.4 million
families were involved in JFM programme out
of which approximately 2.7 million were ST
families.
 to support JFM programme, National
Afforestation Programme (NAP) Scheme in the
X Plan i.e., Samanvit Gram Vanikaran
Samridhi Yojana (SGVSY) Scheme.
 implemented through a two-tier decentralized
institutional set-up
 As on 30.11.2004, 561 FDA Projects were
operational in all 28 states at a total cost of
Rs.1,344.62 Corers to treat 8.13 lakh ha.
through 19,234 JFMCs.
 Tribal families are automatically covered as
the NAP.
 50% reservation for women members of both
General Body and Executive Body of both the
JFM Committee and the FDA should be women.
Shifting of forest policies towards
conservation
 1980 the Forest (Conservation) Act-
to check uncontrolled diversion of forest areas
for other purposes, particularly for agriculture
and human settlement.
 state govt. cannot de-reserve Reserved Forests or
divert forest lands for non-forest purposes
without the permission from GOI.
 The states cannot now lease out forests to the
private entrepreneurs/ Corporations not owned
by government.
 Management concern
 PFM not extended to protected areas and well-
stocked forests
 lack of clarity regarding tenure
 the extent of forestry department control
within JFM is significant.
 village organizations in most states have no
autonomous status and can be dissolved by the
forestry department.
 Some provision should take into
consideration
 Provide clear policy signals to the forest-
based private sector
 Remove bottlenecks to farm forestry and cut
back on subsidized supply of raw material to
industry
 Tackle intra-community inequity
 Incorporate farm forestry in watershed
development programmes
 Forest Resource Management (FRM) in
India
O BJECTIVE-
 To achieve the optimum development of forest resources for
attaining the overall goal of sustainable development.

 Managing forest resource to meet present needs without

compromising the needs of future generations.

 Restoring damaged ecologies.

 To develop and strengthen the stakes of the local

community in the management of forest resources.
 To optimize the environmental service rendered
by forests.
 First charge on the productivity of the forests
should be of the local people for their essential
livelihood needs
 National Forest Policy, 1988 has emphasized
the of preparation of WP
WP
 Infusion of new management practices based
on forest science.
 Infusion of modern technology in FRM.
 CONCLUSION
 single-use strategies inadequate for local
development.
 Adopting a contemporary, multiple-use
strategy.
 Focusing on generating multiple products
NATIONAL POLICIES AND PRAC
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
TIME PERIOD:1990-1999
1990 Agriculture & Rural Debt Relief Scheme: ARDRS Exempt Bank loans up to Rs. 10000 for
rural artisans and weavers

1993 District Rural Development Agency DRDA: Financial assistance to rural people by
district level authority.

1993 Mahila Samridhi Yojna (October 2, 1993):Encourage rural women to deposit in Post
office schems.

1995 Mid day Meal Scheme: Nutrition to students in primary schools to improve enrolment,
retention and attendance.

1997-98 Ganga Kalyan Yojna :Provide financial assistance to farmers for exploring ground
water resources

1997 Kastoorba Gandhi Education Scheme: (15 August 1997) Establish girls schools in low
female literacy areas (district level)

1998 Bhagya Shree Bal Kalyan Policy: Upliftment of female childs.

1999 Annapurna Yojna : 10 kgs food grains to elderly people
 AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEBT RELIEF SCHEME
1990

• In order to enable the farmers to improve the productivity,a scheme,as

announced in the central budget 1990-91,was introducted for providing
debt relief upto Rs.10,000 to the non wilful defaulters of public sector banks
and regional rural banks.

• For banks in the co operative sector,a scheme on simiar pattern was put into
operation by state goverments.
• The agricultural and rural debt relief schme,1990 which came into force
from may 15,1990 covers borrowers of public sector and those engaged in
agriculture and other alied activities and artisans engaged in any activity of
rural development reating to cottage and
villageindustry,handicrafts,weaving,etc.
• A sum of Rs.1500 crores has been released to reserved to reserve bank of
india under the scheme.
• But it could adversely affect on profitability of banks and erode their lending
capacity.
 DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT
AGENCY
I. Objective / purpose
The DRDA Admin. Section is the office in-charge of implementing the DRDA
Admin. Scheme through which the Central share of fund is directly released to
the
District Rural Development Agency (DRDA). The DRDA is the principal organ at
the district level to manage and oversee the implementation of different anti-
poverty
programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development. It is a supporting and
facilitating
organization which plays a very effective role as a catalyst in development
process.

2.Mission / Vision Statement

The objective of the scheme is to strengthen and professionalize the
DRDAs so that
they can effectively enhance the quality of implementation.
3.Duties
Dealing with all issues related to DRDA policy and all matters, in so far
as it relates
to administration of DRDAs.

4.Main activities / functions

1. To formulate policy guidelines for DRDAs
2. Release of funds under DRDA Administration Scheme

5.List of services being provided with a brief write – up on them

1. Allocation of funds under DRDA Administration Scheme
2. Release of funds under DRDA Administration Scheme
3. Organization of Conference of Project Directors of DRDAs
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Sl. No State or U.T Status of DRDA

1 Andhra Pradesh DRDAs are separate; Collector is the Executive Chairperson though ZP President is made the Chairperson; large number and scope of parallel bodies across layers

2 Arunachal Pradesh DRDAs are separate

3 Assam DRDA separate; Collector is Chair and Ex Director; many parallel bodies
4 Bihar DRDA separate; ZP Chairman is Chairman of DRDA; many other parallel bodies;
5 Chhattisgarh Reportedly DRDA merged; practically only the ZP Chairman is made the Chairman of DRDA;
6 Goa DRDAs are separate;
7 Gujarat DRDA separate; District Development Officer is the Chairman;
8 Haryana DRDAs separate; ZP Chairman is the Chairman of DRDA and Dy Commissioner/ Collector is the Executive Chairman of DRDA
9 Himachal Pradesh DRDAs separate; ZP chairman is the chairman of DRDA; there are many other parallel bodies
DRDAs separate; interestingly, the DRDA administration is being refurbished, which by itself could be a very positive step; Panchayat at district level is called the District Planning &
10 Jammu & Kashmir
Development Board – in a way combining the ZP and DPC
11 Jharkhand DRDAs separate; Dy Commissioner is Chairperson of DRDA
12 Karnataka DRDA merged with ZP since 1987; functions as a unit of ZP office with distinctiveness maintained only to facilitate transactions with the MoRD, New Delhi

DRDAs merged with ZP, function as poverty alleviation cell of the ZP; some parallel bodies (Freshwater Fish Development Agency, Brackishwater Fish Development Agency) still
13 Kerala
function as per the directions of GoI. The MLA-LDF is also outside the purview and is sort of a parallel body.

DRDAs separate; ZP Chairman is the Chairman of DRDA Many parallel bodies, particularly those funded by multilateral and bilateral agencies and operated by the State
14 Madhya Pradesh
Government as para-statal entities; DPIP andMPRLP are two examples.

15 Maharashtra DRDA separate, ZP Chairman has a cosmetic position of being Chairman of Governing Body of DRDA with the CEO being the executive chairman of the Management Committee

16 Manipur DRDA separate; Dy Commissioner as the Head; Many parallel bodies primarily associated with the Development programmes/ schemes of the Union Government.

17 Orissa DRDA separate; PD – DRDA is designated as the Secretary-cum- Executive officer of ZP; ZP President is the Chair of DRDA

DRDAs separate; ZP Chairman is made the Chairman and it is said that all Panchayats have access to the expertise of DRDA; there are other parallel bodies at district and village
18 Punjab
levels (Village Water and SanitationCommittees, Village Education Committees), with no linkage with Panchayats

19 Rajasthan DRDA reportedly merged in 2003; however there are para-statals set up through multilateral funding as well as schemes of State and Union government
20 Sikkim DRDA is separate

21 Tamil Nadu DRDA separate institution; Chaired by the District Collector; many parallel bodies like in village education committee, watershed Associations, village forests committees exists.

22 Tripura DRDA exists separately; President of ZP is the Chairman of DRDA

23 Uttar Pradesh DRDAs separate; Chaired by the District Magistrate(DM) and managed by Chief Development Officer(CDO) headed by ZP President; there are a few other parallel bodies

24 Uttarakhand DRDA separate; ZP President is its chair; Van Panchayats, Village Education Committees are the other parallel bodies
25 West Bengal DRDA merged; rechristened as DRDC of ZP;
26 Andaman & Nicobar DRDA is separate; Out of three, only one ZP President is the Chair ofDRDA;
27 Chandigarh No DRDA
28 Dadra & Nagar Haveli DRDA is separate
29 Daman & Diu DRDA continues to function as a separate body and have not been merged.
30 Lakshadweep DRDA is said to be merged; ZP President is the Chair; DRDA providing support to the ZP; other parallel bodies relate to Central schemes such at the SSA;
31 Pondicherry DRDA is separate; Attempts are made to link other parallel bodies with Panchayats;
 MAHILA SAMRIDHI YOJANA

• The Mahila Samridhi Yojana (MSY) was launched on 2nd October, 1993
with the objective of empowering the rural women through building
thrift habit, self-reliance and confidence.

• During the first two years of its operation the performance of scheme,
as measured by achievement against the all India target and the amount
of the money deposited in MSY accountswas not encouraging, and the
cost of the scheme was also on the higher side, Programme.

• Under this plan, the rural women of 18 years of above age can open
their saving account in the rural post office of their own area with a
minimum Rs. 4 or its multiplier.

• Up to 31 March 1997 2.45crore accounts were opened under this

scheme with a total collection of Rs 265.09crore.
 MID DAY MEAL SCHEME
• The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the
government of India designed to improve the nutritional status of
school-age children nationwide.

• The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in

primary and upper primary classes in government, government aided,
local body, Education Guarantee Scheme, and alternate innovative
education centres, Madarsa and Maqtabs supported under Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan, and National Child Labour Project schools run by the
ministry of labour.

• Serving 120,000,000 children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education

Guarantee Scheme centres, it is the largest such programme in the
world.

• The programme entered the planning stages in 2001 and was

implemented in 2004.

• The programme has undergone many changes and amendments since

its launch.
Initiatives by the central government

• The government of India initiated the National Programme of

Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) on 15 August 1995.

• The objective of the scheme is to help improve the effectiveness of

primary education by improving the nutritional status of primary school
children.

• Initially, the scheme was implemented in 2,408 blocks of the country to

provide food to students in classes one through five of government,
government-aided and local body run schools.

• By 1997–98, the scheme had been implemented across the country.

• Under this programme, a cooked mid day meal with 300 calories and 12
grams of protein is provided to all children enrolled in classes one to
five.

• In October 2007, the scheme included students in upper primary classes

of six to eight in 3,479 educationally backward blocks, and the name
was changed from National Programme for Nutrition Support to Primary
Education to National Programme of Mid Day Meals in Schools.

• Though cooked food was to be provided, most states (apart from those
already providing cooked food) chose to provide "dry rations" to
students. "Dry rations" refers to the provision of uncooked 3 kg of wheat
or rice to children with 80% attendance.
 KASTURIBHAI GANDHI EDUCATION SCHEME

The Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya scheme was

introduced by the Government of India in August 1997, then integrated in
the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program, to provide educational facilities for
girls belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward
Classes, minority communities and families below the poverty line in
Educationally Backward Blocks.

1. Objective
• Gender disparities still persist in rural areas and among
disadvantaged communities. Looking at enrollment trends, there remain
significant gaps in the enrollment of girls at the elementary level as
compared to boys, especially at the upper primary levels.
• The objective of KGBV is to ensure that quality education is feasible
and accessible to the girls of disadvantaged groups of society by setting
up residential schools with boarding facilities at elementary level.
2.Eligibility

The scheme was applicable since inception in 2004, in Educationally Backward

Blocks (EBBs) where the rural female literacy is below the national average (46.13%:
Census 2001) and gender gap in literacy is more than the national average (21.59%:
Census 2001). Among these blocks, schools may be set up in areas with:

• concentration of tribal population, with low female literacy and/or a large number of
girls out of school;
• concentration of SC, OBC and minority populations, with low female literacy and/or a
large number of girls out of school;
• areas with low female literacy; or
• areas with a large number of small, scattered habitations that do not qualify for a
school

The criteria of eligible blocks has been revised with effect from 1st April,
2008 to include the following:

• An additional 316 Educationally backward blocks with rural female literacy below
30%.

• 94 Towns/cities having minority concentration (as per the list identified by Ministry
of Minority Affairs) with female literacy rate below the national average (53.67%:
Census 2001).
 BHAGYASHREE CHILD WELFARE POLICY

1.Highlights

• The scheme is intended to provide insurance cover to ONE girl child in a

family who loses either the father or the mother due to accidental death.

• The insurance cover is available on 24 hour risk basis. Incase of death of

parents, the company deposits a sum of Rs25000/- in the name of the girl
child mentioned in the schedule of the policy with a financial institution
named in the schedule.

• The premium is Rs15/- per girl child per year. Group discount is also
provided.

2.Eligibility

• This scheme is applicable to girl children in the age group of 0 to 18 years,

whose parents' age does not exceed 60 years.
3.Scope

• The policy covers death of one or both parents of the girl by accident caused
by external, violent and visible means would include death or permanent
total disablement arising out of or traceable to slipping, falling from the
mountain, insect bites, snakes and animals bite, drowning, washing away in
floods, landslide, rockslide, earthquake, cyclone and other commotions or
nature and/or calamities, murder or terrorist activities.
• In case of women it also includes death and PTD due to surgical operations
such as sterilisation, ceasarean, hysterectomy i.e. removal or uterus and
removal or breasts due to cancer operations, death at the time of child birth
provided that such death occurs during the surgical operation in
hospital/nursing home or whilst being in the hospital/nursing home after
such surgery convalescene. However not beyond a period of 7 days from the
date of surgical operations.

4.Major Exclusions

• Pre existing disability, death, injury or disablement arising from or traceable

to whilst under the influence of intoxication, liquor and drugs, Death caused
by earthquake or other convulsions of nature, suicide and intentional self
injury.
• Death or injury directly or indirectly caused by insanity, nuclear weapons
etc.
 ANAPURNA YOGNA
• Annapurna Yojna is a centrally sponsored scheme which has been
executed since 1999 . This scheme has been amalgamated in to the
State Plan since year 2002-03.
• Under this scheme old destitutes who are not getting the National old
age pension (NOAPS) but have its eligibility, are being provided 10 kg
food-grain (6 kg wheat + 4 kg rice) per month free of cost as Food
Security.
• At the time of introducing the scheme in the state, 1,66,601
beneficiaries were identified through Gram Sabha/Ward Sabha, who
benefited in this scheme up to 2001-02; but in year 2002-03 Govt. of
India has fixed a target of 1,58,849 beneficiaries in this scheme.
• In the last month of the year 2004-05 a additional target of 1,84,265
beneficiaries have been fixed by Govt. of India.
• This target is also distributed amongst all districts for identification
through Gram Sabha/Ward Sabha of the beneficiaries. At present
1,48,483 beneficiaries are being benefited in this scheme.
• Food Supply & Commerce Department has been trusted with the
responsibility for execution of the scheme by the Govt. of India. District
 SWARNAJAYANTHI GRAM SWAROGNAR
YOJANA
• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) is an initiative launched by
the Government of India to provide sustainable income to poor people
living in rural areas of the country. The scheme was launched on April 1,
1999.

• The SGSY aims at providing self-employment to villagers through the

establishment of self-help groups. Activity clusters are established
based on the aptitude and skill of the people which are nurtured to
their maximum potential.

• Funds are provided by NGOs, banks and financial institutions.

• Since its inception, over 2.25 million Self-help groups have been
established with an investment of ₹14403 crore (US$2.2 billion),
profiting over 6.697 million people.

• The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched as an

1.Working of the scheme

• The main aim of these SHGs was to bring these poor families above the poverty line
and concentrate on income generation through combined effort.

• The SHGs created may have a varying number of members based on the terrain and
physical abilities of the members. It goes through three stages of creation:
1.Group formation
2.Capital formation through the revolving fund and skill development
and
3.Taking up of economic activity for skill generation.

• The Government also assists villagers in marketing their products by organizing

melas or fairs, exhibitions,, etc.

• The Swarna Jayanti Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY) has been renamed as National Rural
Livelihood Mission (NRLM).
2.Funding

• Government wqrewsdf hwe as per individual is 30% of the total capital

investment if the total investment is less than Rs. 7,500 and 50% of the
investment for SC/STs if the investment is less than Rs.10,000.

• For self-help groups, the government offers a subsidy of 50% if the total
investment is less than Rs. 1.25 lakhs.

• There are no monetary ceilings on subsidy in the case of irrigation

projects.

• The SGSY concentrates on the marginalized sections of society.

Accordingly, SC/STs comprise 50 percent, women 40% and the physically
challenged make up 3% of the total beneficiaries from the scheme.

• Government funding for the scheme is divided between the Center and
State on a 75-25 basis.
3.Staffing

• In the case of minor irrigation projects, each SHG might comprise 10-20
members. In case of hilly terrain, deserts and other sparsely populated
areas or if the SHGs include disabled people.

4.Results

• Since its inception in 1999, around 2.252 million SHGs have been
established comprising 3.554 million people.

• Apart from SHGs, the scheme has also benefitted 3.143 million self-
employed individuals. The total investment provided for the cause has
been calculated at Rs. 14,403.73 crores including Rs. 1,200 crores
provided by the Government of India for the calendar year 2006-07.

• Of the beneficiaries, 45.54 percent have been SC/STs and 47.85

percent, women.
 Physical and Financial progress since inception

1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 Total

Financial progress (in crores)

Total Government
1472.33 1332.50 774.50 3579.33
allocation

Total funds available 1907.68 1518.40 1054.77 4480.85

Total funds utilized 959.86 1116.27 499.96 2576.09

Physical progress

Self-help groups
292,426 492,664 742,354 742,354
formed

Individual
585,956 687,602 300,700 1,574,258
Beneficiaries

Members of SHGs
347,912 342,871 179,251 870,034
benefitted

Total swarozgaris
933,868 1,030,473 479,951 2,444,292
assisted
 JAWAHAR GRAM SAMRIDHI YOJANA

1.Introduction

• Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) is the restructured, streamlined

and comprehensive version of the erstwhile Jawahar Rozgar Yojana(JRY).

• It has been launched on 1st April, 1999. It has been designed to

improve the quality of life of the rural poor by providing them additional
gainful employment.

2.Objective

• The primary objective of Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana is the creation

of demand driven village infrastructure including durable assets to
enable the rural poor to increase the opportunities for sustained
employment.

• The secondary objective is the generation of supplementary

3.Target Group

• People living in villages constitute the target group of JGSY.

• Preference is given to SCs/STs, families living below the poverty line and
physically handicapped persons.

4.Funding Pattern

• The programme will be implemented as a Centrally sponsored scheme

on cost sharing basis between the centre and the States in the ratio of
75:25 DRDAs/Zila Parishads will release the funds including State
matching share directly to Village Panchayats.

• In the case of Union Territories, entire funds under the scheme will be
provided by the Centre.
5.Salient features

The programme is being implemented entirely at the Village

Panchayat level. District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs)/ Zilla
Parishads(ZPs) will release the funds including State matching share directly
to Village Panchayats.

• Village Panchayat is the sole authority for preparation of Annual Action

Plan and its implementation with the approval of Gram Sabha.

• 22.5 per cent of JGSY funds have been earmarked for individual
beneficiary schemes for SCs/STs.

• 3 per cent annual allocation would be utilised for creation of barrier free
infrastructure for the disabled.

• Wages under JGSY will either be the minimum wages notified by the
States or higher wages fixed by States through the procedure prescribed
by the State Governments.
• The emphasis of JGSY will be on the creation of durable assets at the village
level. Therefore, it has been decided to suitably relax the condition of
maintenance of 60:40 wage-material ratio so as to enable the Panchayats to
build up demand-driven rural infrastructure, simultaneously taking due care of
need-based wage employment generation.

• Village Panchayats will have the power to execute works/schemes up to Rs.

50,000/- with the approval of Gram Sabha. No other adminstrative or technical
approval will be necessary. However, for works/schemes costing more than Rs.
50,000/-, after taking the approval of the Gram Sabha, the Village Panchayat
shall seek the technical/administrative approval of appropriate authorities.

• In many States Village Panchayats are not sufficiently equipped with staff nor do
they have sufficient funds to bear other administrative
expenditure/contingency. Under JRY Village Panchayats were permitted to
spend upto Rs. 1000/- per year for purchasing items of stationery, registers etc.
However, this is hardly adequate both due to escalation of costs and enhanced
responsiblites of Gram Panchayats. It is, therefore, decided to allow Village
Panchayats to incur expenditure upto Rs. 7500/- or 7.5% of funds, whichever is
less, in a year on administrative expenditure/contingency and for employing
technical consultancy.

• 15 per cent of funds can be spent on maintenance of assets.

• Under JRY, allocation of funds to the Village Panchayats were made on
the basis of population. The Village Panchayats having less than 1000
population were taken as of 1,000 population and more than 10,000
taken as 10,000 for the purpose of allocation of funds to the village
panchayats. It has been decided to remove the present upper ceiling of
10,000 population for allocation of JGSY funds to the village panchayats.
Now the funds to the village panchayats would be allocated on the basis
of population without any ceiling of 10,000 as at present.

• DRDA/ZP/Intermediate Panchayats will be responsible for overall

guidance, coordination, supervision, monitoring and periodical report.

6.Implementing Agency

• The Programme is to be implemented by village panchayats with the

approval of Gram Sabha. For seeking assistance, Village Pardhan,
Panchayat members, Block Development Officer, District Collector or
District Rural Development Agency may be contacted.
References:
• rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/right-information-act/DRDA_RTI.pdf
• http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=7&topicid=1487
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi_Balika_Vidyalaya
• http://newindia.co.in/Content.aspx?pageid=88
• http://www.fcp.bih.nic.in/Annapurna.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnajayanti_Gram_Swarozgar_Yojana
• http://tiruvallur.nic.in/schemes/jgsy.htm
PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SECTOR

Public sector is a part of economy providing

various government services. Composition of
public sector are
 Military,
 Police,
 Infrastructure,
 Public transmit,
 Public education,
 Health care.
OBJECTIVES:
IMPACT OF PUBLIC SECTOR
RESULT:
the result of public sector are the
beginnings of various obligations such as
generations of employment of mass,
provision of basic infrastructure and public
utilities, protecting the consumers from
exploited, promoting backward region of the
country and achieving balanced regional
development, equipping them with vocational
education, technical training and managerials
skills to transform unemployed rural people to
get self motivated and self inspired
employment.
CASE STUDY :NEYVELI LIGNITE CORPORATION

 Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) was founded

in Neyveli . This corporation had a social
purpose to achieve. The analysis in this section
points towards detailing the significant
transformation of Neyveli, which was in 1950, a
remote hamlet in Cuddalore district in Tamil
Nadu, into a modernised township today with
all infrastructural facilities and provision of
social services NLC has played a pivotal role in
bringing about this transformation.
 NLC is regarded as a typical unit of public sector
enterprise as it strives hard to put up good performance
in terms of production and finance. It is striking that the
corporation succeeded exceptionally well on these
scores. It also provides basic services to the people in
the Neyveli Township and outside .The important socio-
economic indicators used in this study for the growth
analysis of the role of NLC in socio-economic uplift are
as follows
 (1) Education
 (2) Health Service
 (3) Expenditure on Water and Electrical Installations
 (4) Expenditure on Drainage and Sewage Works
 (5) Expenditure on Neyveli Township
 Education
The provision of education is an important requirement for
promoting literacy. Increase in the number of schools and high
enrolment rate of students would lead to a steep fall in the
illiteracy rate. NLC provides free education to many of the
children of its employees as well as the children of the
downtrodden in the neighbouring villages.
 There has been a steep rise in the number of schools from 9
to 16 during the period 1961-81. NLC, surveying the
education needs of the people in the Township and
neighbourhoods, found out a wide gap between the demand
and supply. Accordingly, NLC had to double the number of
schools from 16 to 33 in the period 1981-91. The level of
rise in the number of schools between 1991 and 2001 went
up marginally from 33 to 35. This is because of the reason
that the demand for education is almost met.
 The number of students has registered a rise of 86 percent
between 1961 and 1981, while it records a 37 percent rise
in the period 1981-91. By 1998-99, the literacy level in
Neyveli Township was around 100 percent (Source: Annual
Report of NLC, 1998-99).
 Health Service
NLC General Hospital has recorded great success over the past
four decades mainly due to the attention given to the health of
NLC employees, their family members as well as the general
public. Apart from this, many dispensaries, free medical camps
are conducted periodically in and around the Neyveli Township.
 For fulfilling this social obligation, it maintains a well-
equipped hospital with 450 beds and several
peripheral dispensaries located at different places in
the Township and temporary colony to cater to the
medical needs of the NLC employees, their family
members and dependants including the workers and
the general public in and around the Neyveli Township.
 The period of 1966-76 registered a growth rate of
0.21 in the increase in the expenditure on medical
facilities. Since the inception of NLC in 1956 till 2001,
the number of beds provided in the Neyveli hospital
has risen by 30 times.
 3. Expenditure on Water and Electrical Installations
 The basic infrastructural facilities like water and electrical
installations, sewerage and drainage facilities are provided by
NLC not only for the Neyveli Township, but also for the people
living in the nearby villages. Inside the Neyveli Township, these
facilities are either provided free of charge or for nominal costs.
 There is a threefold increase in the expenditure made by NLC
on the installation and maintenance of water and electrical
systems when compared between the 5-year periods of 1956-
61 and 1996-2001.
 There is a steep rise in the expenditure on water and electrical
installations during the 10-year periods 1966-76 and 1986-96,
where the growth rate has risen from -0.05 to 0.30. This is
because the expenditure incurred for the installation and
maintenance of water and electrical systems in the period
1966-76 was a very meagre amount when compared to that
incurred in the period 1986-96.
 This implies that during the period 1966-76, the expenditure on
water and electrical installations was essentially only of
maintenance nature, while the expenditure incurred in the
period 1986- 96 incorporated the facilities needed for the new
installations due to the expansion of the mines along with
necessary maintenance expenditure.
 Expenditure on Drainage and Sewerage Works Table
 CONCLUSIONS
Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) is aptly regarded as the power
behind power – the leading public sector enterprise in power industry.
NLC has been conferred with “Mini Ratna” status by Government of
India, which is granted to select public sector enterprises fulfilling
certain prescribed eligibility criteria which enables the enterprise to
exercise enhanced autonomy and higher delegation of power. Every year,
the corporation is registering all time record in terms of excellent
achievement in lignite production, generation and export of power..
Periodic discussions with the recognized union and the associations
have helped to develop participative culture and improve the
involvement of workmen and officers to maintain conductive industrial
climate for improving the productivity and growth, thereby enjoying the
support of the workmen and officers in all its growth plan and measures
to improve its competitiveness. With all these, the corporation spends its
manpower as well as money for the welfare of the Neyveli region not only
in the Township but also the peripheral development of the surrounding
villages. The conclusion put forth is that NLC has certainly achieved in
bringing out a trade-off between the social and economic objectives of a
public sector enterprise. Hence, NLC can be aptly termed as a model
public sector enterprise in india.
BENGAL FAMINE (1943)

DUE TO CROP FAILURE IN BENGAL AND MOST PARTS OF THE INDIA

CAUES OF POOR MONSOON

BRITISH RULERS WERE SO CONCERNED ABOUT WORLD WAR 2

AND INDIAN TRADERS WERE HOARDING THE FOOD TO SELL IT IN A HIGH C

* 4 MILLION DIED OF
HUNGER
THROUGHOUT
INDIA
Expansion
of farming • First phase of green
lands rev. 1960s

Double
cropping , • In late 1960s and
irrigation early 1970s
system

• In
HYV seeds late1970
s……

*
Indian Agriculturalists
M. S. Swaminathan
In 1972, he established the National Bureau of Plant, Animal,
and Fish Genetic Resources of India. He also established the
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
In 1979, he transformed the Pre-investment Forest Survey
Programme into the Forest Survey of India.
In 1983, he developed the concept of Farmers' Rights and the
text of the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources (IUPGR).
In 1988, he organized the Indira Gandhi Conservation
Monitoring Centre. He organize the Community Biodiversity
Conservation Programme.
In 1989, he chaired various committees of the Government of
India to prepare draft legislations relating to biodiversity
(Biodiversity Act) and breeders’ and farmers’ rights (Protection
of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act).
In 1994, he established a Technical Resource Centre at MSSRF
for the implementation of equity provisions of CBD and FAO's
Farmers’ Rights.
He is the father of the Indian ‘Green Revolution’.
B. V. Nimbkar
Bonbehari Vishnu Nimbkar is an Indian agricultural scientist
and social worker, known for his pioneering work in the
fields of animal husbandry and agriculture. He is the
founder of Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute, a
Phaltan-based non governmental organization engaged
in research and development in animal husbandry and
agriculture.
In 1968, he founded the Nimbkar Agricultural Research
Institute (NARI), a non profit non governmental
organization, for advanced research in agriculture. The
organization has since grown to include activities in animal
husbandry and has a subsidiary under the name, NARI
Seeds, which is credited with the introduction of pure-bred
Boer goats for the first time in India.
He organization is reported to have had many
achievements such as the development of 2009 Global
Sustainability Research Award winning Lantern-cum-stove,
development of NARI Suwarna strain of Deccani sheep,
method for artificial insemination in goats using frozen
buck semen, breeding of high-yielding Southern African
Boer sheep and development of hybrid sweet sorghum.
B. V. Rao
When the price of eggs went down in the early 1980s, Rao
gathered farmers together and founded the National Egg
Coordination Committee in 1982 and was its founder
chairman. He was also associated with the World Poultry
Science Association (WPSA) and headed its India chapter
from 1993 to 1996. He was one of the key figures in the
organization of the World Poultry Conference in New Delhi
in 1996.
He is considered the father of poultry farming in India.
Gurcharan Singh Kalkat
Gurcharan Singh Kalkat is an Indian agricultural scientist
and the founder chairman of the Punjab State Farmers
Commission (PSFC), known for his contributions in bringing
the green revolution to Punjab.
Kalkat is known to have initiated the cooperation
between Punjab Agricultural University and the farmers for
fast dissemination of modern agricultural methods. He is
also credited with initiatives for coordination between the
local cooperatives and the Punjab State Cooperative
Marketing Federation for smooth disbursal of farming
credits and supply of materials. During his stint as the
agricultural commissioner, he got the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research and National Seeds Corporation
involved in various state level agricultural programmes.
Ranbir Singh Kanwar
Ranbir Singh Kanwar(b. Dec. 20, 1930; d. Dec. 20, 2005)
was an eminent plant breeder and agronomist who
helped usher in the green revolution in India.
His major contribution was in the area of breeding
sugarcane varieties which yielded higher sugar and were
early maturing. His most remarkable variety was Co.J. 64
which brought back the dwindling sugar industry in North
India out of the doldrums in the 1970s.
Notable Contributions of Kanwar were: Introduction of
polythene-bag technique for quick seed multiplication,
inter-cropping technology with wider inter-row spacing
and development of agro-techniques for raising successful
ratoon crop from winter harvested crop and improved
nitrogen use efficiency with soil applied insecticides.
He gave new directions to agricultural research in the two
North Indian states. He also worked as Senior Sugarcane
Consultant to Food and Agriculture Organization and
undertook international assignments for sugarcane
development in Pakistan, Nigeria and Congo.
 GLOBALIZATION

• Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international

integration arising from the interchange of world views,
products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of
culture.

• Advances in transportation, such as the steam locomotive,

steamship, jet engine, container ships, and in
telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the
telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet, and mobile
phones, have been major factors in globalization, generating
further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.

• Globalization is the free movement of goods, services and

people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner.
• Further, globalization can also mean that countries liberalize their
import protocols and welcome foreign investment into sectors that are
the mainstays of its economy.

• Globalization is grounded in the theory of comparative advantage

which states that countries that are good at producing a particular
good are better off exporting it to countries that are less efficient at
producing that good.

• Conversely, the latter country can then export the goods that it
produces in an efficient manner to the former country which might be
deficient in the same.
•
• The underlying assumption here is that not all countries are good at
producing all sorts of goods and hence they benefit by trading with
each other.

• Further, because of the wage differential and the way in which

different countries are endowed with different resources, countries
stand to gain by trading with each other.
Benefits of globalisation to India:

• Globalisation refers to the expansion of economic

activities across political boundaries of nations (Agarwal,
2008).

• It results in the economic progress of a nation and a

growth in economic inter-dependence between two
nations.

• Globalisation is growing rapidly in India, along with other

developing countries like South Africa and China.

• Globalization of multinational corporations have been

bringing several new jobs to India’s destination cities such
as Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai etc,.
The benefits of globalisation to India can be as follows:

• Increase in employment

• Increase in compensation.

• Enhancement of living standards and

• increased purchasing power

• empowerment of Indian youth

• Reduces international poverty

• Contributes to the spread of technology

• Adds to the profitability of companies and corporations

• Builds stronger trade ties and dependencies between

nations

• Major motivation for moving overseas is to exploit

more lax labor laws and low environmental standards

• Homogenizes the world culture, both positively and

negatively
Negatives of globalization in india:
• 1. Globalization can ruin the environment. Moving things
from one area to another wastes oil, etc.

• 2. Globalization can ruin local economies. There is a

movement that wants to buy local - especially organic foods.

• 3. Globalization can lead to hyper-specialization, which can

be good, but also negative. There is something great about
being a generalist. Also what if something goes wrong. To
know things generally give an incredible perspective that
specialists do not have.

• 4. Globalization can be driven by people with "know how"

and power and they can systematically fleece the world.
REFERENCES:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization
• http://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-
globalization.htm
• http://www.projectguru.in/publications/benefits-
of-globalisation-to-india/
• http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/list-
advantages-disadvantages-globalization-113517
 Causes of Globalisation:
1. Improved Communications
• The development of communication
technologies such as internet, email and mobile
phones have been vital to the growth of
globalisation because they help MNCs to
operate throughout the world.
• The development of satellite TV channels such
as Sky and CNN have also provided worldwide
marketing avenues for the concept and
products of globalisation.
 Causes of Globalisation
2. Improved Transport
• The development of refrigerated and
container transport, bulk shipping and
improved air transport has allowed the easy
mass movement of goods throughout the
world. This assists globalisation.
 Causes of Globalisation:
3. Free Trade Agreements
• MNCs and rich capitalist countries have always
promoted global free trade as a way of
increasing their own wealth and influence.
• International organisations such as the World
Trade Organisation and the IMF also promote
free trade.
 Causes of Globalisation:
4. Global Banking
• Modern communication technologies allow vast
amounts of capital to flow freely and instantly
throughout the world.
• The equivalent of up to $US1.3 trillion is traded each
day through international stock exchanges in cities
such as New York, London and Tokyo.
 Causes of Globalisation:
5. The Growth of MNCs
• The rapid growth of big MNCs such as Microsoft, McDonalds
and Nike is a cause as well as a consequence of globalisation.
• The investment of MNCs in farms, mines and factories across
the world is a major part of globalisation.
• Globalisation allows MNCs to produce goods and services and
to sell products on a massive scale throughout the world.
 The Effects of Globalisation:
1. Changed Food Supply
• Food supply is no longer tied to the seasons.
We can buy food anywhere in the world at any
time of the year.
 The Effects of Globalisation:
2. Division of Labour
• Because MNCs search for the cheapest
locations to manufacture and assemble
components, production processes may be
moved from developed to developing
countries where costs are lower.
 The Effects of Globalisation:
3. Less Job Security
• In the global economy jobs are becoming more
temporary and insecure.
• A survey of American workers showed that people
now hold 7 to 10 jobs over their working life.
 The Effects of Globalisation:
4. Damage to the Environment
• More trade means more
transport which uses more fossil
fuels and causes pollution.
• Climate change is a serious
threat to our future.
 The Effects of Globalisation:
5. Cultural Impact
• Websites such as YouTube connect people
across the planet. As the world becomes more
unified, diverse cultures are being ignored.
MNCs can create a monoculture as they
remove local competition and thereby force
local firms to close.

Replacing
 The Effects of Globalisation
6. Increase in anti-Globalisation Protests
• There is a growing awareness of the negative
impacts of globalisation. People have begun to
realise that globalisation can be challenged by
communities supporting each other in
business and society and through public
protest and political lobbying.
 FRAMEWORK

AGRICULTURE COMPRISES THREE MAIN SECTORS

• Farming and growing of crops,

• Marketing and

• industries dependent on agriculture.

1.Farming sector

• Mechanisation

• New technology for seed development- Green

Revolution, GM crops

• New technology for water conservation, irrigation

development- Iran , Israel techniques, Drip
irrigation.
2.Marketing.

• Export promotion deu to new markets

• New technologies like e-commerce for product

promotion eg.tea brands, coffee, tobacco

• New avenues like Multibrand Retail players

walmart, carlfour etc
3.Industrial Development

• Backward industries such as tractor, fertiliser, farm

machines investment e.g. John deer

• Food processing industries, mega food parks with

help of foreign technology and investment

• Agriculture infrastructure- warehouses etc also

developed
FIIS
FIIs are those institutional investors which invest in the assets belonging to a
different country other than that where these organizations are based.

Definition: Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) are those institutional

investors which invest in the assets belonging to a different country other than
that where these organizations are based.
Description: Foreign institutional investors play a very important role in any
economy. These are the big companies such as investment banks, mutual
funds etc, who invest considerable amount of money in the Indian markets.
With the buying of securities by these big players, markets trend to move
upward and vice-versa. They exert strong influence on the total inflows coming
into the economy.
Market regulator SEBI has over 1450 foreign institutional investors registered
with it. The FIIs are considered as both a trigger and a catalyst for the market
performance by encouraging investment from all classes of investors which
further leads to growth in financial market trends under a self-organized
system.
FDI
FDI - Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment is an investment in a country by a company located in another

country. The investment is called direct because the investor, is a foreign entity try to control or
manage things of another country. It plays an extraordinary role in global business and helps
in boosting the economy of any country.
FDI can be done in the following sectors :-
 Telecommunication
 Retail
 Computer hardware and software
 Production
 Construction
 Manufacturing
 Services of any kind
Foreign direct investment (FDI) will receive tremendous impetus in various sectors in the future
times to come, especially in the developing countries of the world.
LIBERALISATION
 LIBERALISATION IN TELE
COMMUNICATION SECTOR
Investment
With daily increasing subscriber base, there have been a lot of
investments and developments in the sector. The industry has
attracted FDI worth US$ 17,058.03 million during the period April
2000 to March 2015, according to the data released by Department
of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
Some of the major developments in the recent past are:
 Swedish telecom equipment maker Ericsson has announced the
introduction of a new radio system in the Indian market, which will
provide the necessary infrastructure required by mobile companies
in order to provide fifth-generation (5G) services in future.
 Out of the total number of smartphones shipped in India during the
June 2015 quarter, 24.8 per cent were made locally - a significant
rise as compared to 19.9 per cent in the previous quarter - as per
CyberMedia Research firm.
LIBERALISATION IN TELE
COMMUNICATION
 Global telecom equipment makers like Ericsson, Nokia Networks and Huawei are looking
forward to over US$ 1 billion revenue opportunity as mobile phone operators in India roll out
high-speed broadband services on the 4G LTE technology across the country.
 Lenovo Group of China has commenced manufacturing its smartphones in India, through its
contract manufacturer Flex’s facility near Chennai, thus becoming the largest Chinese company
to follow ‘Make in India’ strategy.
 Foxconn, the world’s largest contract-manufacturing firm for consumer electronics and
manufacturer for Apple products has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with
Maharashtra state government to invest US$ 5 billion over the next three years for setting up a
manufacturing unit between Mumbai and Pune.
 Micromax was able to secure trademark protection for 111 countries allowing it to enter other
markets such as South Africa, Nigeria and Indonesia.
 Karbonn looks to open an assembly line in Noida, Hyderabad and Bengaluru over the next 12
months in its efforts to eventually assemble and produce phones in India by earmarking an
investment of Rs 800 crore (US$ 121 million) over the next 3 -4 years
 Bharti Airtel has moved up to be the third largest mobile operator in the world owing to its 303
million customers across
FINANCIAL LIBERALISATION

 The various dimensions of financial

liberalization are:
• Abolishing credit controls.
• Deregulating interest rates.
• Allowing free entry into the banking industry
or more generally into financial services
industry.
• Making banks autonomous.
• Putting banks in private ownership.
• Freeing international capital flows.
ADVANTAGES OF LIBERALISATION

 Liberalization leads to free trade by removing obstacles such as tariffs and

subsidies. Consequently, countries learn to specialize in what they can do best
and yield maximum returns.
 Local industries focus on optimal use of land, labor, and physical and human
capital. The total domestic production of goods and services is boosted this way.
 Since it opens markets to international players, exporters are able to access
expansive markets for their products.
 However, removal of trade barriers often subjects the domestic economy to the
effects of international events.
 For instance, economic recession in one trading partner's economy can spiral
into another's economy. This can hurt employees and consumers of affected
economies. Likewise, international competition may hurt local industries,
especially when importers are able to find cheaper alternatives from abroad and
dump them in domestic markets. Sometimes, it’s best for governments to prop
up young local industries by restricting foreign participation, according to
opponents of liberalization.
DISADVANTAGES OF
LIBERALISATION
The major problems concerned with liberalization can be summarized as
under:
(1) In so far as fiscal deficits are financed by money creation and
growing, financial liberalization serves to accelerate inflation which
coupled with an over- valued exchange rate, promotes capital flight.
(2) Liberalisation does raise real interests and results in an increased
diversity of financial instruments. Innocent investors may be taken
in by the rather fanciful terms offered.
(3) Competition is not automatically enhanced. It can lead to domination
by big institution that has market controlling powers.
(4) Distortions in credit allocation or self dealing by banks can produce
efficiency gains.
(5) Deregulation can shorten the horizons of savers and investors, leading
to a drawing up of long-term finance.
new inexperienced players.” In these circumstances, disasters can also take
place
DISADVANTAGES OF
LIBERALISATION
(6) Sometimes there can be problems of moral hazard.
(7) Pressure on profits and profitability can lead to speculation
and create problems of systemic failures. 60
(8) With fewer entry restrictions, it has been possible for many
entrants to make inroads into this lucrative sector, some
antisocial elements can enter the field directly or indirectly.
(9) A number of companies can incorporate their own finance
companies to make finance available on easy terms for purchase
of their products, this phenomenon can also be used against the
interest of the society.
(10) It should also be noticed that liberalization can also result in
the increase in instability. In general, financial liberalization
represents a profound change in the economic rules. It can
“increase the riskiness of traditional behaviour or introduce
ACTUAL SCENE
LIBERALISATION
Negative fallouts:

• Competition from global brands due to opening of

sector

• Forum like WTO pressurising to tone down security net

for agri sector

• Prices in global markets able to impact local prices e.g-

sugar industry

• GM crops issues

• Patenting of local products by multi national brands

e.g- jamun, neem, turmeric
PROBLEMS:

 People related
 Agricultural related problems

 Infrastructure related problems

 Economic problems

 Social and cultural problems

PEOPLE RELATED:
 Traditional way of thinking
 Poor understanding

 Lack of confidence

 Poor awareness

 Low level of education

 Existence of unfelt needs

 Deprived psychology and scientific orientation

 Low level of education to understand

developmental efforts
AGRICULTURAL RELATED:
 Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill
and attitude
 Unavailability of inputs
 Poor marketing facility
 Small size of land holding
 Division of land

INFRASTRUCTURE RELATED:
 Poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity,
transport, educational institutions, communication,
health , storage facility etc.
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS:
 Unfavourable economic condition to adopt
high cost technology
 High cost of inputs

 Underprivileged rural industries

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS:

 Cultural norms and traditions
 Conflict within and between groups, castes,
religions, regions and languages.