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• Components of a building
• Superstructure – placed on top of substructure
• Substructure – placed below GL
Need for Foundations
• The elements of the superstructure transfer the loads and
structure.
differential settlement.
• Combined footing
• Strap footing
• Grillage Foundation
• Raft/Mat foundation
Types of Shallow foundations
• Spread Footing
• Spread the superimposed load over a large area.
• Simple footing
• Sloped footing
• Stepped footing
Types of Shallow Foundations
Combined Footings
• Combined footing is preferred when
footing area
Trapezoidal combined footing
• If one of the columns is carrying much larger load than the
other one, trapezoidal combined footing is provided
Combined Footings
Strap footing
• Strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically loaded
steel stanchions
Grillage Footing
Grillage Footing
Mat/Raft Foundation
• Combined footing provided for all the columns.
concern.
each other.
• Pile foundations
• Pier foundation
• Well foundation
Pile foundations
• Vertical structural element that transfers load to a
• Bored Piles
• Driven Piles
• Friction pile
• Compaction piles
End Bearing Piles
• Used to transfer load through water or soft soil to hard strata.
settlement.
Friction Piles
• Transfer loads to a depth by means of skin friction along the length
of pile.
• Used in granular soils where hard stratum is at great depths
Compaction Piles
• Steel Piles
• Concrete Piles
• Precast piles
• Wooden Piles
• Composite Piles