Chapter 12.save

Chapter 12
Exploring Information System

Development
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview
Discuss the importance of

project management,
Define system development
Identify the guidelines for feasibility assessment,
and list the system
system development documentation, and data
development phases
and information gathering
techniques
Explain the activities Discuss the purpose of the

Describe the various tools
performed in the planning activities performed in the
used in process modeling
phase analysis phase
See Page 619 2

Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12
for Detailed Objectives
Objectives Overview
Recognize the develop

Describe the various Explain the activities
programs activity is
tools used in object performed in the
part of system
modeling design phase
development
Discuss the purpose of

Discuss the activities the activities
performed in the performed in the
implementation phase operation, support, and
security phase
See Page 619 3

Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12
for Detailed Objectives
What is System Development?
System development is a set of activities

used to build an information system
An information
system (IS) is a System development
A system is a set of collection of activities are grouped
components that hardware, software, into phases,
interact to achieve a data, people, and collectively called the
common goal procedures that work system development
together to produce life cycle (SDLC)
quality information
Page 620 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 4

Pages 620 – 621 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 5
Figure 12-1
• System development should follow three general

guidelines:
Group activities or tasks into phases
Involve users
Define standards

• System development should involve representatives from each

department in which the proposed system will be used

Figure 12-2
• Project management is the process of planning,

scheduling, and then controlling the activities during
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies:
Required Time estimates
Project scope
activities for each activity
Activities that
Cost estimates Order of
can take place at
for each activity activities
the same time
A popular tool
used to plan
and schedule
the time
relationships
among project
activities is a
Gantt chart

Figure 12-3a
A PERT chart
also can be
used for
planning and
scheduling time

Figure 12-3b
• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the

development of a system will be to the
organization
Operational Schedule Technical Economic

feasibility feasibility feasibility feasibility
Pages 624 - 625 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 11

• Documentation is the collection and

summarization of data and information
– A project notebook contains all documentation for a
single project
• Users and IT professionals refer to existing
documentation when working with and modifying
current systems

• During system development, members of the project

team gather data and information using several
techniques
Review
Observe Survey
documentation
Interview JAD Sessions Research

Figure 12-4
Who Initiates a System
Development Project?
A user may request a new or modified system
Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other

technology
Situations beyond an organization’s control might require a change
Management might mandate a change
A user may request a new or modified information system using a request

for system services or a project request

Figure 12-5
Planning Phase
• The planning phase for a project begins when the

steering committee receives a project request
• Four major activities are performed:
Review and Form a project

Prioritize the
approve the Allocate resources development
project requests
project requests team

Analysis Phase
• The analysis phase consists of two major

activities:
Conduct a preliminary Perform detailed
investigation analysis
• Determines and • Study how the current
defines the exact system works
nature of the problem • Determine the users’
or improvement wants, needs, and
• Interview the user who requirements
submitted the request • Recommend a solution

Figure 12-6
Analysis Phase
• Process modeling (structured analysis and design) is an

analysis and design technique that describes processes
that transform inputs into outputs
Entity-
Data flow
relationship
diagrams
diagrams
Project dictionary

Analysis Phase
• An entity-relationship
diagram (ERD) is a tool
that graphically shows
the connections among
entities in a system
• Entities are objects in
the system that have
data

Figure 12-7
Analysis Phase
• A data flow diagram

(DFD) is a tool that
graphically shows the
flow of data in a system
– Data flows
– Processes
– Data stores
– Sources

Figure 12-8
Analysis Phase
• The project dictionary contains all the

documentation and deliverables of a project
• Structured English is a
style of writing that
describes the steps in
a process

Figure 12-9
Analysis Phase
A decision table is a table that

lists a variety of conditions
and the actions that
correspond to each condition
A decision tree also shows

conditions and actions, but it
shows them graphically

Decision table

Figures 12-10 – 12-11
Decision tree

Figures 12-10 – 12-11
Analysis Phase
• The data dictionary stores the data item’s name,

description, and other details about each data
item

Figure 12-12
Analysis Phase
• Object modeling combines the data with the processes

that act on that data into a single unit, called an object
• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been adopted as a
standard notation for object modeling and development
– UML includes 13 different diagrams
– Two diagrams include:
Use case
Class diagram
diagram

Analysis Phase
• A use case diagram

graphically shows how
actors (users) interact
with the information
system
• Diagrams are
considered easy to
understand

Figure 12-13
Analysis Phase
• A class diagram
graphically shows
classes and subclasses
in a system
• Each class can have one
or more subclasses
• Subclasses use
inheritance to inherit
methods and attributes
of higher levels

Figure 12-14
Analysis Phase
• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of

each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Packaged Custom
Outsourcing
software software

Design Phase
• The design phase consists of two major activities
Develop all of the details of

Acquire hardware and
the new or modified
software
information system

Design Phase
• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:
Solicit vendor
Make a decision
• Use research proposals • Various techniques
techniques such as e- are used to
zines • RFQ, RFP, or RFI is determine the best • Systems analyst
sent to potential proposal makes
vendors or VARs recommendation to
steering committee
Identify technical Test and evaluate
specifications vendor proposals

Design Phase
• The next step is to develop detailed design

specifications
– Sometimes called a physical design
Input and output

Database design Program design
design

Design Phase
• Systems analysts typically develop two types of

designs for each input and output
Mockup Layout chart

Figures 12-18 – 12-19
Design Phase
• A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model

of the proposed system
– Prototypes have inadequate or missing documentation
– Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
– Should not eliminate or replace activities

Design Phase
• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)

tools are designed to support one or more
activities of system development
• CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:
Project
Graphics Prototyping
repository
Quality Code
Housekeeping
assurance generator

Figure 12-20
Design Phase
• Many people should review the detailed design

specifications
• An inspection is a formal review of any system
development deliverable
– A team examines the deliverables to identify errors

Implementation Phase
• The purpose of the implementation phase is to

construct the new or modified system and then
deliver it
Install and test

Develop Convert to the
the new Train users
programs new system
system

• The program development life cycle follows these

steps: • Analyze the requirements
1
2 • Design the solution

3 • Validate the design
4 • Implement the design
5 • Test the solution
6 • Document the solution
• Various tests should be performed on the new

system
Integration Acceptance
Unit test Systems test
test test
• Verifies that • Verifies that • Verifies that • Checks the
each all programs an new system
individual in an application to ensure
program or application works with that it works
object works work other with actual
by itself together applications data
properly

• Training involves showing users exactly how they

will use the new hardware and software in the
system
– One-on-one sessions
– Classroom-style lectures
– Web-based training

Figure 12-21
• One or more of four conversion strategies can be

used to change from the old system to the new
system

Figure 12-22
Operation, Support, and Security Phase
• The purpose of the operation, support, and

security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for
an information system and its users after the
system is implemented
Perform
Monitor system Assess system
maintenance
performance security
activities

Operation, Support, and Security Phase
• A computer security plan should do the following:
For each risk,

Identify all identify the
Identify all
security risks safeguards that
information
that may cause exist to detect,
assets of an
an information prevent, and
organization
asset loss recover from a
loss

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Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 46

Summary
System Guidelines for

development system
phases development
Activities
Activities that occur
performed during
during system
each system
development
development phase
Chapter 12
Exploring Information System
Development
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 12 Complete

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Chapter 12

Exploring Information System

Discuss the importance of

Explain the activities Discuss the purpose of the

See Page 619 2

Recognize the develop

Discuss the purpose of

See Page 619 3

System development is a set of activities

Page 620 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 4

• System development should follow three general

Group activities or tasks into phases

Page 621 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 6

• System development should involve representatives from each

Page 622 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 7

• Project management is the process of planning,

Page 623 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 9

Page 624 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 10

• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the

Operational Schedule Technical Economic

Pages 624 - 625 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 11

• Documentation is the collection and

Page 625 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 12

• During system development, members of the project

Interview JAD Sessions Research

Pages 625 – 626 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 13

A user may request a new or modified system

Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other

Situations beyond an organization’s control might require a change

Management might mandate a change

A user may request a new or modified information system using a request

Page 626 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 14

• The planning phase for a project begins when the

Review and Form a project

Page 628 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 16

• The analysis phase consists of two major

Pages 629 - 631 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 17

• Process modeling (structured analysis and design) is an

Page 631 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 19

Page 632 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 20

• A data flow diagram

Page 632 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 21

• The project dictionary contains all the

Page 633 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 22

A decision table is a table that

A decision tree also shows

Page 633 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 23

Page 633 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 24

Page 633 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 25

• The data dictionary stores the data item’s name,

Page 634 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 26

• Object modeling combines the data with the processes

Page 634 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 27

• A use case diagram

Page 634 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 28

Page 635 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 29

• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of

Pages 635 - 636 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 30

• The design phase consists of two major activities

Develop all of the details of

Page 638 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 31

• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:

Pages 638 - 640 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 12 32