General Purpose Transformers

Design, Sizing & Protection

DATE: 27-June-2019 Sanjib Konar

 CONTENTS
 Session-1, 2 & 3
 Introduction
 Definition of Transformer
 Technical specification of Transformer
 Maximum Demand Calculation
 Design Consideration
 Definition of Maximum Demand
 Methods of calculation or Estimation
 Case Studies
 Sizing of transformer on Maximum Demand Calculation
 Lightning Protection
 Sizing of transformer on Maximum Demand Calculation
 Basic Design and Calculation
 Case studies

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 Definition & Types of Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to
another through mutual (electromagnetic induction) and without change in
frequency.

The main reason to use a transformer is to make power of one voltage level into
power of another voltage level.

Based on type of application transformer are following types

 Power transformer
 Furnace transformer
 Welding transformer
 Auto-transformer

Based on voltage level Power transformer are following types

 Power transformer (33KV/6.6KV, 220 KV/132 KV, 132KV/33KV, 132KV/11KV etc.)
 Distribution transformer (11KV/0.433KV, 11KV/0.690 KV, 6.6KV/0.433KV, etc.)

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 About Configuration of Transformer
Few question arises on the context:-

What you know about the transformer?

Which are the parameters matter a lot while designing?

Where you will get the required data?

How you conclude which transformer will fulfill your requirement?

Whether selected transformer is suitable for your Load center?

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 Technical specification of Transformer
Few Important technical parameter and their significance:-
 KVA/MVA Rating
 Voltage Ratio
 Type of Cooling
 Percentage Impedance
 Losses
 Efficiency
 Vector group
 Tap changer
 Full load current (primary and secondary)

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 Sequence of preliminary system design
1. Overall load list.
2. Load list area wise / department wise.
3. Motor list area wise
4. MCC wise load list that the max demand on the MCC is limited to
1250kVA
5. Location of load center sub station (close to the load groups in order to
limit the cost of cabling & cable galleries.
6. Area wise maximum demand (LCSS wise) & the total maximum demand
at the MSS calculated on basis of the drive demand factor. The group
demand factors for LCSS & the central diversity factor at MSS.
7. The number & capacity of the transformers to meet the computed
maximum demand, is to be made on basis of selection of philosophy of
redundant capacity “2x100%” or “3X50%” or “4X33%” approach,
concepts for upstream to downstream.
8. Large size motor starting study to check adequacy of transformer rating
to withstand during start.
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 Detailing the Electrical System
1. Preliminary selection of HV cabling based on demand calculation.
2. Single line diagram
3. Short circuit calculation
4. Circuit breaker rating
5. HV cable sizing based on maximum demand & SC calculations
6. EHV substation layout
7. Design of tunnels, trenches, cable trays & trays supports
8. Preparation of RFQ

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 Sequence of preliminary system design

 Preparation of equipment layout for the Main Sub Station(MSS) & Load Center Sub
Stations (LCSS).
 SC analysis for freezing cable sizes & CB ratings.
 Preparation of detailed design scheme of change over scheme, control scheme for
interlocking, load shedding scheme, auto load restoration scheme, capacitor
switching scheme, data acquisition system, synchronous scheme etc.
 Review of vendor drawings for the equipment's.
 Cable tray routing & tray support design.
 Preparation of power & control cable scheduling & to be assigned an identification
number which is based on the driven equipment code number.
 All tunnel sections, trench sections and tray route have to assigned an
identification number.
 Preparation of terminal connection schedules.
 Preparation of safety interlock scheme & control sequence.
 Preparation of detailed construction drawings for Earthing, Lightning and lighting.
 Issue of erection, testing & commissioning procedures.
 Issue of QAP & OCP etc
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 Maximum-Demand Estimation

Maximum demand estimation is first step in electrical system design

enabling the preparation of a size and number of power transformers,
distribution transformer, load center stations & preliminary single line
diagram (SLD) for the power distribution.

The SLD enables the short circuit fault level analysis, interruption duty ratings
for the circuit breaker etc.

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 Individual Drive Demand factor (IDDF)

Maximum demand of a particular motor feeder

IDDF=______________________________________
Name plate rating of motor

This factor is used for computing group demand factor, as the feeder cable is
sized for the FLC rating.
The FLC rating of a motor is the uncompensated current drawn by the motor
without any PF improvement capacitor.

Motor rating =90KW (uncompensated p.f.=0.8 & efficiency =0.9, Demand

factor=100%)
Maximum demand kVA=90x1/(0.8x0.9)=125kVA
But the mechanical drive designer usually builds a margin of 10 – 15% on the
calculated kW

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 Group Demand Factor (GDF)

Maximum demand of a group of loads

GDF= ___________________________
Total connected load of the group

If 1000kVA is the connected load on a MCC & 750kVA the MD on the MCC
than the GDF will be 750/1000=0.75.

Group MD = Connected group kVA x group demand factor

The Group demand factor is inclusive of the individual drive demand factor

This is so as the individual maximum demands of various drives do not occur

at the same instant and are staggered with respect to time.

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 Diversity factor (DF)

MD of whole Project
GDF = _____________________
MD of LCSS1+ MD of LCSS2….etc
This diversity factor is due to time-staggering in the occurrence of the demands at
various LCSSs.

This factor for example is generally found to be 0.8 for cement project. If the
aggregate MD of several load-centre-substations (LCSS) is 30 MVA, then MD at
metering point is generally found to be 30X0.8 = 24 MVA.

Variation in factors from Project to Project and from Industry to Industry

For example 415 V motor groups of cement projects a GDF of 0.66 is adequate with
compare to individual DDF 0.9 and DF 0.8.

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 Maximum Demand-Estimation

Individual drive demand factor adopted by the drive designer to arrive at the
value of the group demand factor which is inclusive of the following factors:
 Individual drive demand factor
 Cushion due to standardization of frame sizes
 Other process conditions that affect maximum demand.
 Article 430-22/NEC—NFPA of USA stipulates that “Cable supplying a
single motor shall have an ampacity not less than 125% of the motor FLC
rating”.

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 Calculation of MD on the MCCs

 MCC-wise load list (name plate rating of a motor)

 Description of the drive
 Motor identification number
 kW rating of the motor feeder (Output kW)
 Uncompensated power factor
 Efficiency
 Type of driven equipment
 Consider each MCC not more than 800kW of load is connected
Note: In the ensuing calculation the phase current due to one KVA (3 phase)
is rounded at 1.40 A per KVA instead of 1.39 A at 415 V
MCC load list.xlsx

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 Maximum demand on the MCC
Due to Motor Load
(p.f.=0.9, efficiency = 0.9 & group demand factor=0.75)
MD (motor group)=(700x0.75)/(0.9x0.9)=648 (650kVA rounding up)
Demand of lighting load at 0.8p.f. =80x1/0.8=100kVA
& at demand factor of 1.0
Demand on switch fuse units (spare) = (650x0.25)/1.4 = 116kVA
At demand factor of 0.25
Total demand on MCC = 650+100+116 = 866kVA
Maximum current of 866kVA = 866x1.4=1212A
The I/C feeder CB to the MCC is to be rated for the full connected load amperes and
not for the MD.
The incomer CB rating = connected load-amperes on MCC= 864 + 100+116
=1080kVA=1080x1.4=1512A
Note: Full connected load of 700 KW corresponding to input KVA = 700/0.9*0.9= 864
KVA.
This will lead to the choice of 2000 A breaker or at least 1600 A breaker.
A safety margin of 20% shall be kept , so that CB will be loaded up to 80% of the rated
capacity.
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 Maximum demand on the MCC

This will lead to the choice of 2000A breaker or at least 1600A breaker.
Maximum demand calculation are used for :
I. sizing the transformer capacity
II. Sizing the incoming cable between the transformer, MCC, PCC
III. CT Ratio

Example
A Load center sub-station feeds 5 MCCs with connected loads & demands
LCSS 2.4.1.xlsx

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 MD estimation for an Load center station & MSS

Factors
I. Post compensation pf for motor groups = 0.9
II. Efficiency for motors = 0.9
III. Pf for lighting load = 0.8
IV. Demand factor for 415v motor group = 0.75
V. Demand factor for lighting load =1.00
VI. Diversity factor =0.8
LCSS 2.4.1.xlsx

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 Estimation of Max demand of HV motor groups

 Post compensation pf =0.9

 Efficiency =0.95
 HV group Demand factor =0.85 & 1 (isolated HT motor)
 Demand estimation are used for:
 Sizing the power transformer
 Sizing the cross section of the conducting core
 If the aggregate kW rating of a group of HV feeders is 4000kW.
 Connected load=4000/(0.9x0.95)=4678kVA
 Max demand = (4000x0.85)/(0.9x0.95)=3976kVA

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 Total demand at each LCSS at MSS

MD estimation for HV motor groups

LCSS 2.4.1.xlsx
Total demand at MSS
LCSS 2.4.1.xlsx
The max demand on grid at MSS = 37240x0.8=29792kVA (30MVA)

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 Utilization of the results of the MD analysis

 Power transformer capacity & number of Power transformers.

 Distribution transformer capacity & number of the transformers at the
load centers (LCSSs).
 HV cable sizes for the MCC –LCSS cabling & switchgear to transformer
cabling
 Preparation of Preliminary SLD
 Short circuit analysis
 Preparation of specification & tender BOQ

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 Sizing of power transformer at MSS

1 x 100% approach :-

Under this philosophy only a single power transformer of rated capacity 15 to 20%
higher than the calculated maximum demand is provided.
Example: If maximum demand of power 20MVA.
Single transformer rating =20/25MVA (ONAN/ONAF)
2 x 100% approach :-

Under this philosophy two power transformers each capable of meeting the full MD
is provided.
Example: If maximum demand of power 20MVA.
then two transformers of each rating =25MVA is provided.
So that incase of one unit fails, the other unit meets the full demand of 20MVA.
2X100%.docx

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 Sizing of power transformer at MSS

3x50% approach:-

 2 out of 3 transformers in service, each transformer has to cater to 50% of

the MD but the MVA rating of the transformer has to greater than 50% of
MD, so that there is some margin for the start of large HV motor.
 If the project demand is 25MVA
Any time two transformers are in service, each taking a load
of=25/2=12.5MVA operating at 80% load while the third unit is switched
off.
 Rating of transformer= 12.5x20%= 2.5+12.5=15MVA each.

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 Sizing of power transformer at MSS

4x33% approach:
 Under this philosophy four power transformers capable of meeting the
full MD is provided.
 3 out of 4 transformers in service, each transformer has to cater to 33% of
the MD but the MVA rating of the transformer has to greater than 40% of
MD, so that there is some margin for the start of large HV motor.
 If the project demand is 25MVA
Any time three transformers are in service, each taking a load
of=25/3=8.4MVA operating at 80% load while the fourth unit is switched
off.
 Rating of transformer= 8.4x20%= 1.7+8.4=10.1MVA each.

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 Ceiling on MVA rating of Power transformers

The ceiling on individual transformer capacity is due to limit HV system fault level &
partly due to non-availability of Single HV-CB for larger current rating of requisite
thermal & SC rating.
Based on the above limitation power transformers are limited below KVA rating:-

Secondary Voltage of Maximum MVA rating of “single

Power Transformer secondary power Transformer

3.3 KV Secondary 12.5 MVA

6.6 KV Secondary 25/31.5 MVA
11 KV Secondary 40/50 MVA

The limitation on transformer capacity have to be considered from the point of view
of limiting secondary side fault levels to suit consideration of economy and
availability in market and on thermal and SC rating of circuit breakers.

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Parallel Operation Vs Segregated operation of
Transformers:
1. When transformers are operated in parallel, the fault level at the secondary side
bus rises sharply, due to the common source impedance upstream.

2. The fault level at the secondary bus increases when two transformers are
paralleled.

3. The switchgear, cables other components in the system have to be rated for the
higher SC fault levels caused by the parallel operation increasing the investment costs
as well as fire and other operation hazards.

4. Hence parallel operation of neither the power transformers nor the distribution
transformers is provided for industrial application.

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 Over Load capacity of Transformers

 HV motor starts cause overloading of power transformers for durations of upto

1minutes.
 The base load of the transformer & the margin between the rated kVA of the
transformer & the continuous base load is to be computed on the basis of IS 6600-
1972.
 K1 = Initial base load (rated kVA maintained for a duration of 24Hrs)
 K2=Permissible base load ( fraction of rated kVA permitted for hours per
day during the month or year)
 h = duration of the overload K2 in hours
 Ꝋa = weighted average ambient temp
 The overload factors are considered on the following basis:
 The overload is not to exceed 1.5 times.
 The hot spot temp is not to exceed 140degC.
 Design average ambient temp is 32degC.
 Distribution transformer sizing 3.7.1.xlsx

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 Power transformer capacity at MSS

 Refer tables
 Distribution transformer sizing 3.7.1.xlsx
 HV motor group MVA = 23
 415V-Loads = 14
 Total = 37MVA

 Power Transformer size = MD of power x diversity factor

= 37x.8
=29.6=30MVA (+-5%)
 Two nos. 31.5MVA transformer HV/6.6kV (2x100%) so that one transformer can
meet the entire project demand till the second transformer is restored to service.

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 Sizing of Transformer to meet HV- Motor Start &
Voltage Dips
• The starting requirements of a large HV motor impose a minimum limit for the
MVA rating of a power transformer so that the voltage drop during the
acceleration is with in safe limits that ensure the satisfactory acceleration of the
motor without stalling and without causing disturbance to the other loads already
in operation.
• The Voltage drop occurs in the source impedance up to the bus and in the
impedance of the feeder cable connecting the motor to the bus.
• Hence there is a need to restrict the source impedance to limit the drop during
motor inrush.

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 Sizing of Transformer to meet HV- Motor Start &
Voltage Dips
Vbs= Steady state voltages at the bus
Vms= Steady state voltages at the motor terminals
Rc=Resistance
Xc= Reactance
a) Grid source reactance pu per MVA upto HV bus
Xg=1/300=0.0033pu per MVA
b) X”d sub transient reactance of captive generator=0.2/10=0.02pu per MVA
Xsy synchronous reactance=0.8/10pu per MVA
c) The HV motor starting inrush current will be shared by grid & local generator in the
ratio of

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 Sizing of Transformer to meet HV- Motor Start &
Voltage Dips
Is(grid contribution)/Is (local contribution)= synchronous reactance/grid reactance
=0.08/0.0033 = 24/1
But Is seen as a fault then the ratio =0.02/0.0033=6
Zs= pu value of source impedance
Zb= pu value of base impedance
Zso=Ohmic value of source imprdance
Zso=Zs x Zt
Zb= Per phase base voltage/base current
= Vb/If x Root3
If Zs=1pu on a base then Zso=ZsxZb = Vb/If x root3
# 6.6kV, 20kA bus the Ohmic value of source reactance= 6.6/20xroot3=0.190 Ohms

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 Sizing of Transformer to meet HV- Motor Start &
Voltage Dips
If 1000MVA is the grid fault level
Then Grid source reactance Xg =1/1000=1pu on 1000MVA
Xg=(on a base of 20MVA)= 0.001 x 20 =0.02pu on 20MVA
4.1.5 ohmic value Xso at HV bus.xlsx
Xg= bus reactance pu per MVA
Xt= transformer reactance pu per MVA
Xs= Source reactance
Xs=Xg+Xt
Xso=E2 (Xg+Xt)
If transformer reactance Xt is 0.1 on 20MVA
Combined reactance Xs=Xg+Xt=0.1+.02=0.12 on 20MVA
Xso= ((Xg+Xt) x E2)/MVA

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 Case Study

 Ex-Operating voltage-6.6kV, Rating of motor-3800kW, Current I(flc)-388A, at start

k1=6 at rated voltage applied terminals. Assuming a starting pf of 0.3 & feeder
cable of 300mtrs, fault level=2500MVA.
 Ans- 2runs of 300sqmm cable (6.6kV) of length of each run 300mtrs is selected.
From the cable table Xc=o.0143 ohms & Rc=0.0195 ohms, k1=6,
V1=6600/root3=3810V
 CosꝊ=0.3, SinꝊ=0.955
 Vbs=0.9V1 at the lowest permissible value
 Vbs=0.9 x 3810 =3429V
 V2bs = [Vms CosꝊ + (K1In Vms Rc)/V1]2 + [Vms SinꝊ + (k1In Vms Xc)/V1]2
 (0.9x3810)2=Vms x 0.3+(6 x388 x Vms x 0.0195)/3810]2 +(0.962677 x Vms)2
 Vms=3388.5Volts (88.937% of V1)

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 Case study
 Voltage drop of 11.063% corresponding to Vbs of 0.9V1.
 Vbs=0.9004V1 (9.96% drop) &
 Vms=0.8898 V1 (11.02% drop)

 Xso=0.19243 ohms
 Xs (pu)=.19243/E2 = 0.0044176pu per MVA
 Xg=1/2500=0.0004pu as per MVA
 Xg=Xt+Xs
 Hence Xt=Xs-Xg= 0.0040176pu per MVA
 If the reactance of the transformer is 0.1pu on its MVA rating
 MVA rating of transformer=0.1/0.0040176=24.89MVA (25MVA)
 If the reactance of transformer is desired at 0.12pu then MVA
rating=0.12/0.0040176=30MVA

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 Transformer Sizing analysis through ETAB
(Load Flow Analysis)

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 Transformer Sizing analysis through ETAB
(Short Circuit Analysis)

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 Transformer Sizing analysis through ETAB
(Voltage drop Analysis)

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 CONTENTS
 Session-4 & 5
 Types of faults in a transformer
 Requirement of transformer protection
 Types of protection used in a transformer
 Differential Protection Scheme in a Power Transformer
 Advantages of Differential Protection for Transformer
 Over Current and Earth Fault Protection of Transformer
 Standby (Unrestricted) E/F Protection scheme
 Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Transformer
 Transformer Buchholz Relay
 Oil temperature detection
 Winding temperature detection
 Pressure Relief valve
 Oil Surge Relay

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Types of faults in a transformer

 HV & LV bushing flashovers

 HV winding ground fault
 LV winding ground fault
 Inter-turn Fault
 Core Fault
 Tank Fault
Incipient faults are internal faults which constitute no immediate hazard. But
it these faults are over looked and not taken care of, these may lead to major
faults. The faults in this group are mainly inter-lamination short circuit due to
insulation failure between core lamination, lowering the oil level due to oil
leakage, blockage of oil flow paths. All these faults lead to overheating. So
transformer protection scheme is required for incipient transformer faults
also. The earth fault, very nearer to neutral point of transformer star winding
may also be considered as an incipient fault.
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Requirement of transformer protection
The short circuit current of an electrical transformer is normally limited by its reactance
and for low reactance, the value of short circuit current may be excessively high. The
duration of external short circuits which a transformer can sustain without damage as
given in BSS 171:1936.

Transformer % reactance Permitted fault duration in seconds

4% 2
5% 3
6% 4
7 % and over 5

The general winding faults in transformer are either earth faults or inter-turns faults.
Phase to phase winding faults in a transformer is rare. The phase faults in an electrical
transformer may be occurred due to bushing flash over and faults in tap changer
equipment. Whatever may be the faults, the transformer must be isolated instantly
during fault otherwise major breakdown may occur in the electrical power system.
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Types of protection used in a transformer
Electrical Protection
• Differential protection
• Overcurrent & earth fault protection
• Standby earth fault protection
• Restricted earth fault protection
Mechanical Protection
• Transformer buchholz relay
• Winding Temperature
• OIL temperature
• Pressure relieve valve
• Oil surge relay

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Differential Protection Scheme in a Power Transformer
Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The
differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of
power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents
the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the
transformer.

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Advantages of Differential Protection for Transformer
Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated
more than 5MVA.
The Differential Protection of Transformer has many advantages over other schemes of
protection.

1. The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by
Buchholz relay. But if any fault occurs in the transformer but not in oil then it can not be
detected by Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are not adequately covered
by Buchholz relay. Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz
relay is provided in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but
Differential Protection scheme detects the same in more faster way.
2. The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur in side the
differential protection zone of transformer.

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Over Current and Earth Fault Protection of Transformer
Backup protection of electrical transformer is simple Over Current and Earth Fault
protection are applied against external short circuit and excessive over loads. These
over current and earth Fault relays may be of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) or
Definite Time type relays (DMT). Generally IDMT relays are connected to the in-feed
side of the transformer.
The over current relays can not distinguish between external short circuit, over load
and internal faults of the transformer. For any of the above fault, backup protection i.e.
over current and earth fault protection connected to in-feed side of the transformer
will operate.

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Standby (Unrestricted) E/F Protection scheme
Another range of setting on earth fault relay is also available and may be selected where
the earth fault current is restricted due to insertion of impedance in the neutral
grounding. In the case of transformer winding with neutral earthed, unrestricted earth
fault protection is obtained by connecting an ordinary earth fault relay across a neutral
current transformer.
The unrestricted over current and earth fault relays should have proper time lag to co-
ordinate with the protective relays of other circuit to avoid indiscriminate tripping.

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Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Transformer
Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing
internal earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme, the CT secondary of each phase
of an electrical power transformer are connected together as shown in the figure. Then
common terminals are connected to the secondary of a Neutral Current Transformer or
NCT. An external fault in the star side will result in current flowing in the line current
transformer of the affected phase and at the same time a balancing current flows in
the neutral current transformer, hence the resultant current in the relay is therefore
zero. So this REF relay will not be actuated for external earth fault. But during an
internal fault, the neutral current transformer only carries the unbalance fault current
and operation of Restricted Earth Fault Relay takes place. This scheme of restricted
earth fault protection is very sensitive for internal earth fault of electrical power
transformer. The protection scheme is comparatively cheaper than differential
protection scheme.

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Transformer Buchholz Relay
Construction of Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay consists of an oil filled chamber. There are two hinged floats, one at
the top and other at the bottom in the chamber. Each float is accompanied by a
mercury switch. The mercury switch on the upper float is connected to an alarm
circuit and that on the lower float is connected to an external trip breaker. The
construction of a buchholz relay is shown in the figure.

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Buchholz Relay working Principle

Whenever a minor fault occurs inside the transformer, heat is produced by the
fault currents. The produced heat causes decomposition of transformer oil and
gas bubbles are produced. These gas bubbles flow in upward direction and get
collected in the buchholz relay. The collected gas displaces the oil in buchholz
relay and the displacement is equivalent to the volume of gas collected. The
displacement of oil causes the upper float to close the upper mercury switch
which is connected to an alarm circuit. Hence, when minor fault occurs, the
connected alarm gets activated. The collected amount of gas indicates the
severity of the fault occurred. During minor faults the production of gas is not
enough to move the lower float. Hence, during minor faults, the lower float is
unaffected.
During major faults, like phase to earth short circuit, the heat generated is high
and a large amount of gas is produced. This large amount of gas will similarly
flow upwards, but its motion is high enough to tilt the lower float in the
buccholz relay. In this case, the lower float will cause the lower mercury switch
which will trip the transformer from the supply, i.e. transformer is isolated from
the supply.
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Oil temperature detection
Working principle
The sensing bulb for oil temperature detection is placed in a pocket on the roof
of transformer tank. The pocket is filled with transformer oil. The bulb is
connected to the instrument housing by means of flexible connecting tubing
consisting of two capillary tubes. One capillary tube is connected to the
operating bellow of the instrument and other to a compensating bellow.
Compensating bellow compensates variation of ambient temperature. The
pointer is fixed with a steel carriage on which normally four mercury switches
are mounted. The make and break temperature of these mercury switches can
be adjusted separately. One mercury switch is use to operate cooling fans, one
mercury switch is used to switch on oil pumps, one mercury switch is for high
temperature alarm and last switch is used to inter trip the transformer in
extremely high temperature condition.

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Winding temperature detection
This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature. A winding
temperature indicator or WTI is also used as protection of transformer.
Working principle
The sensing bulb pocket on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil
surrounding it. This heater coil is fed by secondary of current transformers
associated with transformer winding. Hence the current through the heater coil
is directly proportional to the current flowing through transformer winding. This
is because there is no scope of direct measuring of temperature inside a
winding. When load of transformer increases, the winding temperature is also
increased and this increased temperature is sensed by sensing bulb as the
heater coil surrounds it.

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Pressure Relief valve
Working principle
The working principle of transformer pressure relief device is very simple. If
pressure arises inside a transformer and exceeds a pre-set pressure limit, the
pressure safety valve opens its valve clap, which is held by a spring and releases
the internal pressure until it declines. After decrease of the pressure, the
pressure valve clap moves back to its origin position and closes completely.
Normally, the pressure relief device will be mounted on top of the transformer.
Due to internal faults, it is suggested to have such pressure relief valves to
protect the transformer and release arising pressure quite suddenly.

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Oil Surge Relay
OSR protection is used to protect the internal fault in the On Load Tap Changer
Circuits. It is a single float switch bucholzz relay model. It just monitors the oil
level on the OLTC Conservator tank and how force oil enters into or leaves from
the OLTC.
OSR provided with the single element oil surge relay has been specifically
designed to operate with OLTC. OSR does not operate under normal gas
developed during changing the transformer taps. It will response when the
surge is developed in the OLTC.
Working principle
Under normal condition, the OLTC OSR relay reads normal pressure, since the
relay become in active. A heavy fault inside of the OLTC incidentally generates
pressure wave or Oil surge or Oil move in the direction of OLTC tank. If these
flow rate exceeds the operating threshold of the damper, then the flap move
the flow direction Due to this movement the reed switch will be actuated and it
give trip signal to the transformer. Since the fault will be removed. The main
purpose of the OSR is to limit the damage to the OLTC during fault condition.

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Thank You