Chapter 4 - Numerical Descriptive Measures

PREPARED BY:
NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN

CIVIL ENG. DEPARTMENT
PSMZA
Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
4.1 Know the measure of central tendency.
4.1.1 Define mean, mode and median.
4.1.2 Describe grouped and ungrouped data.
4.2 Understand the measures of central tendency.
4.2.1 Explain mean, mode and median.
4.2.2 Calculate the mean, mode and median for grouped and ungrouped data.
NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

4.1 Measures of Central Tendency
 The Measures of Central Tendency is usually called the average.

 Central Tendency is a single value situated at the center of a data and can be taken as a summary
value for that data set.
 Three types of averages are often used as Measures of Central Tendency. They are :
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
 Mean, median and mode value can be calculated for Ungrouped Data & Grouped Data.

Measures of Central Tendency
Mean Median Mode

• Mean:
Sum of all measurements divided by the number of measurements.
• Median:
A number such that at most half of the measurements are below it and at most
half of the measurements are above it.
• Mode:
The most frequent measurement in the data.

 Data is often described as ungrouped or grouped.
DATA
Ungrouped Data Grouped data
 Ungrouped data is data given as individual data points.
 Grouped data is data given in intervals.

Ungrouped Data
Example :
Ungrouped data without a frequency distribution.
1, 3, 6, 4, 5, 6, 3, 4, 6, 3, 6
Example :
Ungrouped data with a frequency distribution.
Number of television sets Frequency
0 2
1 13
2 18
3 0
4 10
5 2
TOTAL 45

Grouped data
Example :
Grouped data.
Number of games Frequency
1–5 2
6 – 10 7
11 – 15 8
16 – 20 3
 The groups (1-5, 6-10, etc) also called class intervals, are of width 5
 The numbers 1, 6, 11 and 16 are the lower class boundaries (lower limit)
 The numbers 5, 10, 15 and 20 are the upper class boundaries (upper limit)
 The midpoints are halfway between the lower and upper class boundaries
 So the midpoints are 3, 8, 13 and 18

4.2 Ungrouped Data Measurement

Mean  Mean for population data: x
N
 Mean for sample data:

x
x
n
Where:
∑x = the sum of all values
N = the population size
n = the sample size,
µ = the population mean
x = the sample mean
 The mean has the advantage that its calculation includes each value of
the data set.

EXAMPLE 4.1
The following data give the prices (rounded to thousand RM) of five homes sold recently
in Kemaman.
158 127 189 191 265
Find the mean sale price for these homes.

Solution:
x
x
n
x = 158 + 127 + 189 + 191 + 265

5
x = 930
5 Thus, these five homes were sold for an average price of RM186
x = 186 thousand @ RM186 000.

Median  Median is the value of the middle term in a data set that has been ranked
in increasing order.
 Procedure for finding the Median
Step 1: Rank the data set in increasing order.
Step 2: Determine the depth (position or location) of the median

n 1
Depth of Median =
2
Step 3: Determine the value of the Median.
 The median gives the center of a histogram, with half of the data values
to the left of (or, less than) the median and half to the right of (or, more
than) the median.
 The advantage of using the median is that it is not influenced by outliers.
EXAMPLE 4.2
Find the median for the following data:

10 8 5 3 19
Solution:
STEP 1 : Rank the data in increasing order :

3 5 8 10 19
STEP 2 : Determine the depth of the Median :
Depth of the Median = n + 1 = 5 + 1 = 3

2 2
STEP 3 : Determine the value of the median
Therefore the median is located in third position of the data set.
Hence, the Median for above data = 3 5 8 10 19

EXAMPLE 4.3
Find the median for the following data:

10 8 19 8 3 15
Solution:
STEP 1 : Rank the data in increasing order :
3 8 8 10 15 19
STEP 2 : Determine the depth of the Median :
Depth of the Median = n + 1 = 6 + 1 = 3.5

2 2
STEP 3 : Determine the value of the median
Therefore the median is located in the middle of 3rd position and 4th position of the
data set.

Therefore the median is located in the middle of 3rd position and 4th position of the
data set.
Since the number is even, we can determine the median by computing the average of
two middle value, 8 and 10.
3 8 8 10 15 19
Median = 8 + 10 = 9
2
Hence, the Median for the above data = 9

 Mode is the value that occurs with the highest frequency in a data
Mode
set.
 A major shortcoming of the mode is that a data set may have none
or may have more than one mode.
 One advantage of the mode is that it can be calculated for both kinds
of data, quantitative and qualitative.

EXAMPLE 4.4
1. What is the mode for given data?

77 69 74 81 71 68 74 73
2. What is the mode for given data?

77 69 68 74 81 71 68 77 73 77
Solution:
1. Mode = 68 69 71 74 74 77
After arranging the quantities in an array, we observe that 74 is the quantity that occurs
most frequently. Therefore the mode is 74.
2. Mode = 68 68 69 71 73 74 77 77 77 81
After arranging the quantities in an array, we observe that 77 is the quantity that occurs
most frequently. Therefore the mode is 77.

4.3 Grouped Data Measurement
Mean  Mean for population data:

μ=
 fx
N
 Mean for sample data:
x=
fx
n
Where x the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class.
Remember ???
Midpoint = lower limit of class + upper limit of class

2

EXAMPLE 4.5
The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of orders received each day
during the past 50 days at the office of a mail-order company. Calculate the mean.
Number of order f
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14
TOTAL n = 50
Solution:
Because the data set includes only 50 days, it represents a sample. The value of is calculated in the
following table:

Number of order f x fx
10 – 12 4 11 44
13 – 15 12 14 168
16 – 18 20 17 340
19 – 21 14 20 280
n = 50 ∑fx = 832
Remember ???
 Where x the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class.
 Midpoint = lower limit of class + upper limit of class
2
So, compute the arithmetic mean,
x = ∑fx = 832 = 16.64

n 50
Thus, this mail-order company received an average of 16.64 orders per day during
these 50 days.
Median  Procedure for finding the Median:
Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution.
Step 2: Decide the class that contain the median. Class Median is the
first class with the value of cumulative frequency is at least n/2.
Step 3: Find the median by using the following formula:
Where:
n = sample size = ∑f = sum of frequency
∑fm-1 = cumulative frequency before the class median
C = median class size / class width
Lm = lower limit of the class median
fm = frequency of the class median

EXAMPLE 4.6
Based on the grouped data below, find the median.
Time to travel to work Frequency
1 – 10 8
11 – 20 14
21 – 30 12
31 – 40 9
41 – 50 7

Solution:
Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution table.
ADD THE COLUMN
Time to travel to Cumulative frequency

Frequency Position of Data
work distribution
1 – 10 8 8 1-8
11 – 20 14 22 9 - 22
21 – 30 12 34 23 - 34
31 – 40 9 43 35 - 43
41 – 50 7 50 44 - 50
Total n = 50

C = class width / median class size
Time to travel to work Frequency
1 – 10 8
11 – 20 14
21 – 30 12
31 – 40 9
41 – 50 7
The groups (1-10, 11-20, etc) also

called class intervals, are of width 10

Step 2: Decide the class that contain the median. Class Median is the first class with
the value of cumulative frequency is at least n/2
Location of median class = n = 50 = 25

2 2
 Position 25 lies between 23 – 34 .
 This means that the class interval 21 – 30 is the class median location.

work distribution
1 – 10 8 8 1-8
11 – 20 14 22 9 - 22
21 – 30 12 34 23 - 34
31 – 40 9 43 35 - 43
41 – 50 7 50 44 - 50
Total n = 50

Step 3: Find the median by using the following formula:
Where :
n = 50 sample size = ∑f = sum of frequency
∑fm-1 = 22 cumulative frequency before the class median
C = 10 median class size / class width
Lm = 20.5 lower boundary (limit) of the class median
fm = 12 frequency of the class median
Remember ???
Lower boundary of a class = Upper limit of previous class + Lower limit of class
2
Lower boundary of a class = 21 + 20 = 20.5

2
Lm = 20.5

work distribution
3 1 – 10 8 8 1-8
11 – 20 4 14
2 22 9 - 22
5 The class
21 – 30 12 34 23 - 34
median
31 – 40 9 43 35 - 43
41 – 50 7 50 44 - 50
Total
1 n = 50
Where :
1. n = 50 sample size = ∑f = sum of frequency
2. ∑fm-1 = 22 cumulative frequency before the class median
3. C = 10 median class size / class width
4. Lm = 20.5 lower boundary (limit) of the class median
5. fm = 12 frequency of the class median

Thus, 25 persons take less than 23 minutes to travel to work and another
25 persons take more than 23 minutes to travel to work.

Mode  Mode is the value that has the highest frequency in a data set.
 For grouped data, class mode (or, modal class) is the class with the highest
frequency.
 Formula of mode for grouped data:
Where:
Lb = lower boundary of class mode (modal group)
C = class width
∆1 = difference between the frequency of class mode and the frequency of

the class before the class mode
∆2 = difference between the frequency of class mode and the frequency of

the class after the class mode

 From grouped frequency distribution with continuous variable, the mode can be estimate by
using a histogram.
 First, a histogram is drawn for the data and the class with the highest frequency (commonly
called mode class) is identified.
 Next, two lines are drawn at the top of the column, one from the top right-hand corner of the
modal class to the to right-hand corner of the class before the model class, and another from the
top left-hand corner of the modal class to the top left-hand corner of the column after the modal
class.
 At the point of intersection between the two lines, a vertical line is drawn towards the horizontal
axis of the histogram.

 Example : The mode can be estimate by using a histogram

EXAMPLE 4.7
Based on the grouped data below, find the mode.
Time to travel to
Frequency
work
1 – 10 8
11 – 20 14
21 – 30 12
31 – 40 9
41 – 50 7
TOTAL 50

Solution:
Remember ???
Based on the table, calculate mode by
using a formula : Where:
Lb = lower boundary of class mode (modal

group )
C = class width
∆1 = difference between the frequency of

class mode and the frequency of
the class before the class mode
∆2 = difference between the frequency of

class mode and the frequency of
the class after the class mode

Time to travel to
Frequency
work
1 – 10 8
We can easily find the modal group (the
11 – 20 14
group with the highest frequency), which
21 – 30 12 is 11 - 20
31 – 40 9
41 – 50 7
We can say "the modal group is 11 - 20"
TOTAL 50
 But the actual Mode may not even be in that group! Or there may be more
than one mode. Without the raw data we don't really know.
 But, we can estimate the Mode using the following formula:

lower boundary (limit) of class mode (modal group )
Lower boundary of a class = Upper limit of previous class + Lower limit of class
2
Lower boundary of a class = 10 + 11 = 10.5

2
difference between the frequency of class mode and the

frequency of the class before the class mode
difference between the frequency of class mode and the

frequency of the class after the class mode
class width

We can also obtain the mode by using the histogram.

4.4 Relationship among Mean, Median & Mode
 As discussed in previous topic, histogram or a frequency distribution curve can assume either skewed
shape or symmetrical shape.
 Knowing the value of mean, median and mode can give us some idea about the shape of frequency
curve.
a) For a symmetrical histogram and frequency curve with one peak, the value of the mean, median
and mode are identical and they lie at the center of the distribution.
Mean, median, and mode for a symmetric histogram and frequency distribution curve

b) For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the right, the value of the mean is the largest
that of the mode is the smallest and the value of the median lies between these two.
Mean, median, and mode for a histogram and frequency distribution curve skewed to the right
c) For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the left, the value of the mean is the smallest
and that of the mode is the largest and the value of the median lies between these two.
Mean, median, and mode for a histogram and frequency distribution curve skewed to the left
TUTORIAL 4.1
The table below shows the years of working experience for 120 employees of Jimmy’s Company.
Years of experience Number of

(Data Interval) employees (f)
1–4 16
5–8 20
9 – 12 28
13 – 16 24
17 – 20 16
21 – 24 11
25 – 28 5
TOTAL 120
Compute the mean, median & mode of employees years of working experience.

TUTORIAL 4.2
The following table below shows the years weight of 60 Level 1 student in Logistics Class at PSMZA
in 2012.
Number of
Weight
students
43.5 – 48.5 2
48.6 – 53.6 5
53.7 – 58.7 14
58.8 – 63.8 15
63.9 – 68.9 13
69.0 – 74.0 11
Compute the mean, median & mode for Level 1 student in Logistics Class at PSMZA in 2012 and
what can be inferred from the value.

TUTORIAL 4.3
The information below shows the weight for 160 students of a private institution in Kuala Lumpur.
Years of experience Number of

35 – 39 5
40 – 44 25
45 – 49 35
50 – 54 44
55 – 59 18
60 – 64 22
65 – 79 11
TOTAL 160
Compute the mean, median & mode of employees years of working experience.

TUTORIAL 4.4
The information below shows the exam score for 37 students.
Exam Score Frequency
1–4 7
5–8 5
9 – 12 15
13 – 16 4
17 – 20 5
21 – 24 0
25 – 28 1
TOTAL 37
Compute the mean, median & mode of the exam score for 37 students.

TUTORIAL 4.1
The table below shows the years of working experience for 120 employees of Jimmy’s Company.
Years of experience Number of employees Mid point

fx
(Data Interval) (f) (x)
1–4 16 2.5 40
5–8 20 6.5 130
9 – 12 28 10.5 294
13 – 16 24 14.5 348
17 – 20 16 18.5 296
21 – 24 11 22.5 247.5
25 – 28 5 26.5 132.5
TOTAL 120 1488
MEAN So, compute the arithmetic mean,
x = ∑fx = 1488 = 12.4

n 120
MEDIAN Years of experience Number of Cumulative Position of
(Data Interval) employees (f) frequency Data
1–4 16 16 1 – 16
5–8 20 36 17 - 36
The class 9 – 12 28 64 37 – 64
median
13 – 16 24 88 65 - 88
17 – 20 16 104 89 - 104
21 – 24 11 115 105 - 115
25 – 28 5 120 116 -120
TOTAL 120
Lb = 8.5 (The lower class boundary of the 9 -12 group)

n = 120
∑fm-1 = 36
Fm = 28
C =4
n = 120
∑fm-1 = 36
Fm = 28
C =4

MODE Years of experience Number of
1–4 16
5–8 20
9 – 12 28 Highest frequency
13 – 16 24
17 – 20 16
21 – 24 11
25 – 28 5
TOTAL 120

∆1 = 28 – 20 = 8
∆2 = 28 – 24 = 4
C=4

∆1 = 28 – 20 = 8
∆2 = 28 – 24 = 4
C=4

TUTORIAL 4.2
The following table below shows the years weight of 60 Level 1 student in Logistics Class at PSMZA
in 2012. Number of
Mid point
Weight students fx
(x)
(f)
43.5 – 48.5 2 46.0 92.0
48.6 – 53.6 5 51.1 255.5
53.7 – 58.7 14 56.2 786.8
58.8 – 63.8 15 61.3 919.5
63.9 – 68.9 13 66.4 863.2
69.0 – 74.0 11 71.5 786.5
TOTAL 60 3703.50
x = ∑fx = 3703.50 = 61.7

n 60

Number of
MEDIAN Cumulative
Weight students
frequency
(f)
43.5 – 48.5 2 2
48.6 – 53.6 5 7
53.7 – 58.7 14 21
The class
58.8 – 63.8 15 36
median
63.9 – 68.9 13 49
69.0 – 74.0 11 60 x = ∑fx = 3703.50 = 61.7
TOTAL 60 n 60
Lb = 58.75 (The lower class boundary of the 58.8 – 63.8 group)

n = 60
∑fm-1 = 21
Fm = 15
C =6

n = 60
∑fm-1 = 21
Fm = 15
C =6

∆1 = 15 – 14 = 1
∆2 = 15 – 13 = 2
C=6

MODE Number of
Weight students
(f)
43.5 – 48.5 2
48.6 – 53.6 5
53.7 – 58.7 14
58.8 – 63.8 15 Highest frequency
63.9 – 68.9 13
69.0 – 74.0 11
TOTAL 60

∆1 = 15 – 14 = 1
∆2 = 15 – 13 = 2
C=6

TUTORIAL 4.3
The information below shows the weight for 160 students of a private institution in Kuala Lumpur.
Number of
Years of experience Mid point
employees fx
(Data Interval) (x)
(f)
35 – 39 5 37 185
40 – 44 25 42 1050
45 – 49 35 47 1645
50 – 54 44 52 2288
55 – 59 18 57 1026
60 – 64 22 62 1364
65 – 79 11 72 792
TOTAL ∑f = 160 ∑fx = 8350
x = ∑fx = 8350 = 52.18

n 160
Number of
MEDIAN Years of experience Cumulative
employees
(Data Interval) frequency
(f)
35 – 39 5 5
40 – 44 25 30
45 – 49 35 65
50 – 54 44 109
55 – 59 18 127
The class
60 – 64 22 149
median x = ∑fx = 3703.50 = 61.7
65 – 79 11 160
n 60
TOTAL ∑f = 160

n = 160
∑fm-1 = 127
Fm = 22
C =5

Lb = 59.5 (The lower class boundary of the 60 - 64 group)
n = 160
∑fm-1 = 127
Fm = 22
C =5

MODE Number of
Years of experience
employees
(Data Interval)
(f)
35 – 39 5
40 – 44 25
45 – 49 35
55 – 59 18
60 – 64 22
65 – 79 11
TOTAL ∑f = 160
Lb = 49.5 (The lower class boundary of the 50 – 54 group)

∆1 = 44 – 35 = 9
∆2 = 44 – 18 = 26
C=5

∆1 = 44 – 35 = 9
∆2 = 44 – 18 = 26
C=5

TUTORIAL 4.4
The information below shows the exam score for 37 students.
Mid point
Exam Score Frequency fx
(x)
1–4 7 2.5 17.5
5–8 5 6.5 32.5
9 – 12 15 10.5 157.5
13 – 16 4 14.5 58.0
17 – 20 5 18.5 92.5
21 – 24 0 22.5 0
25 – 28 1 26.5 26.5
TOTAL ∑f = 37 ∑fx =384.5
x = ∑fx = 384.5 = 10.39

n 37
MEDIAN Cumulative Position of
frequency Data
1–4 7 7 1–7
5–8 5 12 8 – 12
The class
9 – 12 15 27 13 – 27
median
13 – 16 4 31 28 – 31
17 – 20 5 36 32 – 36
21 – 24 0 36 37
25 – 28 1 37 37
TOTAL ∑f = 37

n = 37
∑fm-1 = 12
Fm = 15
C =4
n = 37
∑fm-1 = 12
Fm = 15
C =4

MODE
1–4 7
5–8 5
13 – 16 4
17 – 20 5
21 – 24 0
25 – 28 1
TOTAL ∑f = 37

∆1 = 15 – 5 = 10
∆2 = 15 – 4 = 11
C=4

∆1 = 15 – 5 = 10
∆2 = 15 – 4 = 11
C=4

(a) Identify the median for the following data.
11 14 4 7 21 18 22 16 19 15 7 8 19 8 9 4 18
(b) The age distribution of insurance agents in an insurance company is as shown in Table at below:
(i) Calculate the mean age of this insurance agents.
Number of
Midpoint
Age (Year) agents fx
(x)
(f)
21 – 25 10 23 230
26 – 30 35 28 980
31 – 35 16 33 528
36 – 40 14 38 532 So, compute the arithmetic mean,

41 – 45 12 43 516
x = ∑fx = 3425 = 34.25
46 – 50 10 48 480 n 100
51 – 55 3 53 159
TOTAL ∑f = 100 ∑fx = 3425

(c) The data below shows the number of vehicle that arrive at Jalan Duta toll booth during 16 intervals of the 10 minutes
duration.
(i) Calculate the mean, median and mode for the data given.
25 55 34 32 25 18 25 32 29 28 44 40 34 28 25 42
So, compute the arithmetic mean,
x = ∑f = 516 = 32.25
n 16
So, compute the median,
So, compute the mode,
SOLUTION
Step 1: Rank the data set in increasing order.
18 25 25 25 28 28 28 29 32 32 34 34 40 42 44 55
Step 2:
After arranging the quantities in an array, we observe that 28 is the quantity that occurs most frequently.
Therefore the mode is 28.

Chapter 4 - Numerical Descriptive Measures

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PREPARED BY:

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN

4.1 Know the measure of central tendency.

4.1.1 Define mean, mode and median.

4.1.2 Describe grouped and ungrouped data.

4.2 Understand the measures of central tendency.

4.2.1 Explain mean, mode and median.

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

 The Measures of Central Tendency is usually called the average.

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Mean Median Mode

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Ungrouped Data Grouped data

 Ungrouped data is data given as individual data points.

 Grouped data is data given in intervals.

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Number of television sets Frequency

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

 Mean for sample data:

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

158 127 189 191 265

Find the mean sale price for these homes.

x = 158 + 127 + 189 + 191 + 265

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

 Procedure for finding the Median

Step 1: Rank the data set in increasing order.

Step 2: Determine the depth (position or location) of the median

Step 3: Determine the value of the Median.

Find the median for the following data:

STEP 1 : Rank the data in increasing order :

Depth of the Median = n + 1 = 5 + 1 = 3

STEP 3 : Determine the value of the median

Therefore the median is located in third position of the data set.

Hence, the Median for above data = 3 5 8 10 19

Find the median for the following data:

Depth of the Median = n + 1 = 6 + 1 = 3.5

STEP 3 : Determine the value of the median

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Hence, the Median for the above data = 9

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

1. What is the mode for given data?

2. What is the mode for given data?

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Mean  Mean for population data:

Where x the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class.

Midpoint = lower limit of class + upper limit of class

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

x = ∑fx = 832 = 16.64

first class with the value of cumulative frequency is at least n/2.

Step 3: Find the median by using the following formula:

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Based on the grouped data below, find the median.

Time to travel to work Frequency

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution table.

ADD THE COLUMN

Time to travel to Cumulative frequency

NOR AFZAN BINTI ARIFFIN | PSMZA

Time to travel to work Frequency