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Bio-
Molecules a.k.a. Organic Molecules
A car isn’t one
single thing.
It’s made from
combining
numerous parts that
work together.
Often, those parts
are made of even
smaller parts.
Macromolecules
Organisms are similar except they are made of
very specialized parts, organic parts.
There are numerous parts but there are 4 special
ones that are common to all life.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
These are the 4 major classes of macromolecules
that you are going to be required to know; both
structures and functions.
Objectives Macromolecules
Identify what are the chemicals of life
Vocabulary
made from.
Identify why carbon can be the basis of
Carbohydrate
so many types of bio-molecules. Lipid
Identify the structures of the subunits that Protein
form the macromolecules.
Amino acid
Describe the relationship between Nucleic acid
monomers and polymers.
Nucleotide
Restate 3 major functions of
carbohydrates in cells. DNA
Identify what determines the function of RNA
proteins. ATP
Describe 2 functions of lipids.
Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a
cell.
•Review: Ionic Bonding = Swapping e-
Ionic Bonding
• Atoms can sometimes achieve a stable valence level by
losing or gaining electrons.
• When this happens, the charge of the atom changes
slightly and an ion is formed.
• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric
charge because it has gained or lost electrons.
• Opposite charges attract.
• The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is
an ionic bond.
•How Do You Show the Bonds?
• Ionic
Bohr Model
Or…
Lewis Structure
•Lewis Dot Structures
Bohr Model
Or…
Lewis Structure
•Hydrogen Bonding
• A hydrogen bond is a
bond that forms
between the positive
hydrogen atom of one
molecule and the
negative pole of
another molecule.
Represented as
dashed lines.
POLYMER/Macromolecule
You need to know specifically:
Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis = Water is formed when subunits bond.
Hydrolysis = Water is split to break down polymers.
HOW THE POLYMERS ARE FORMED Water is released in a
= DEHYDRATION (condensation)
condensation reaction that
SYNTHESIS.
Water is formed when the monomers forms this disaccharide
covalently bond.
Energy
Stored
Energy
Released
Glucose is a common
sugar found everywhere in
nature.
Carbohydrates: Structure
Glucose is a monosaccharide,
or “single sugar.”
So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose
Two sugars can be linked to
make a disaccharide.
Sucrose, & lactose
Many monosaccharide
subunits can be linked to
make a polysaccharide
(= “many sugars”)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple
carbohydrates or simple sugars.
Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates: Functions
Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy,
structural materials, and cellular identification.
Carbohydrates are a
major source of energy
for many organisms,
including humans.
It is used specifically to
make ATP in
mitochondria.
Used
Sugar to ATP
make
Carbohydrates: Structural Support
Chitin and cellulose are complex carbohydrates
that provide (structural) support. Similar to the frame
of a house.
Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells of
arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs &
such) and the cell walls of mushrooms.
Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants.
This helps them stand straight up.
Carbohydrates: Identification
Ina complex organism, cells recognize neighboring
cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar
units on their outer surface.
Complex
Carbs in
Food
Simple
Carbs
Summary: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are known as sugars or
starches, depending on the number of
monomers in the molecule
The subunit for carbohydrates is a simple
sugar (like glucose)
Carbohydrates are known for being quick
energy sources but also can be used for
structure & cellular identification.
Proteins
Proteins are chains of amino acids subunits.
The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes
that determine what the proteins do.
There are thousands of proteins that perform many
types of functions.
Structure
Support
Movement
Communication
Transportation
And carrying out chemical reactions
Amino acids are the
Amino Acids subunits, the building
blocks, of proteins.
20 different ones are
bonded together in millions
of ways to create the
millions of proteins that
exist.
Amino acids have three
Amino Acids distinct areas.
The amino group
The carboxyl group
The R group, which 20
different options
Carboxyl
Amino group
group
R group
Proteins,
A protein is a molecule made up of
long chains of amino acids held
together by peptide bonds.
Proteins are called polypeptides.
Poly = many
Peptide = amino acid subunits.
Proteins
in Food
Summary Proteins
Subunit of proteins is the amino acid
(there are 20 of them that we use in our
bodies)
There are many functions of proteins,
including support, transportation, immune
system, movement, cellular
communication.
Lipids
Lipidsare another class of biomolecules, which
includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can
actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates.
Lipids consist of chains of
carbon atoms bonded to
each other and to hydrogen
atoms. This structure makes
lipids non-polar so they repel
water.
Is water polar or non-polar?
Lipids separate from water
and don’t dissolve in it.
Lipids will dissolve in other
lipids, however.
This gives the term “fat soluble”
Lipid: Subunit
Fatty
Acid: Carbon chain surrounded by
hydrogen. (Attached to a carboxyl,
making it an acid)
Fatty acids
Fat subunits are fatty
acids, and are often
called as such
Trans (cis) “transfat”
Saturated
No bends or double
carbon bonds
Unsaturated.
Contains one or
more c=c bonds
Saturated fats are Because of the carbon-hydrogen
dangerous because of bonds, lipids are also called
how close they can hydrocarbons.
stack together in your These are used for energy and
lubrication.
blood vessels.
Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.
Lipids: Functions
Lipids are non-polar & they can
help control water.
It’s the main component of body Waxes, found on
fat but the cell’s outer membrane the surfaces of
is made of phospholipids. plants and
The structure of cell membranes aquatic bird
depends on how phospholipids feathers,
interact with water. “waterproof” to
help prevent
evaporation of
water from the
cells of the
organism.
Li-pids in the Membrane
Phospholipids
Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
The only reason why cells can form is because of
the properties of phospholipids.
THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. Hydrophilic
heads “love”
water and
always point
to it.
Hydrophobic
tails “hate”
water and
always point
away from it.
Lipids: The Foundation for Hormones.
Lipids also serve as the
foundation for
hormones.
Hormones are chemical
substances produced in
the body that control
and regulate the Examples:
activity of certain cells Cholesterol
or organs. Testosterone
Made of many
individual
nucleotides
Nucleic Acids, ATP
Energy Carriers
Some single nucleotides have
other important roles.
Other
single nucleotides transfer electrons or
hydrogen atoms for other life processes.
Hydrolysis of ATP to produce
ENERGY
Closure
What did you learn today?
Any questions?
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids Proteins
Fats
Achieving Balance.
You can find hundreds of
example diets all describing
various ways to be most healthy.
Vegan
Atkins
High protein.
As the graphic suggests, we
need a balanced diet,
representing all the organic
molecules you’ll learn about
today.
The closer you get to balance,
the better off your health will be.
Macromolecule
Practice
Complete the
“Cereal Nutrition
Label Analysis” Lab
(50pts Lab).
Macromolecule
Practice
Complete the
“Building
Macromolecules”
packet by Friday
(50pts Lab).
Have this
“Macromolecules in
Food” packet by
Friday. (40pts/ Lab)
Review for Quiz
Atoms
Structure
Subatomic particle properties
How to use the periodic table to find (e-, p+, n, ve-, rings)
Types of bonds
Covalent (define, how they form, and give examples)
Ionic (“”)
Hydrogen (“”)
There relative strengths (which is strongest/weakest)
Macromolecules
4 major classes
Their functions
Their subunits (names & structures, like what was on the
warm up)
How they form
Review Macromolecule ppt.
Questions?
I have several for you & your group.
POLYMER/Macromolecule
Polymer
= macromolecules
Monomer = subunit
Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysis
simplified.
The
main functions of lipids include storing energy
and controlling water movement
Summary, continued
Proteinsare chains of amino acids that
twist and fold into shapes that determine
what the protein does.