CNC

MACHINE
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF CNC

 TYPES OF CNC

 ELEMENTS OF CNC

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CNC

 HOW CNC WORKS

 CNC PROGRAMMING BASICS

 COMMON FORMAT OF BLOCK

 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

 CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
 A NC system in which the data handling, control
sequences, and response to input is determined
by an onboard computer system at the machine
tool.
 CNC means Computer Numerical Control. This
means a computer converts the design into
numbers which the computer uses to control the
cutting and shaping of the material
 On a CNC machine it is possible to make
hundreds or even thousands of the same items in
a day
 First a design is drawn using design software,
and then it is processed by the computer and
 HISTORY OF CNC
 1955 - US Air Force define a need to develop a
machine tool capable of machining complex and
close tolerance aircraft parts.
 1959 - MIT is the contractor and builds the
machine for the project. MIT announces
Automatic Programmed Tools (APT)
programming language
 1960 - Direct Numerical Control (DNC). This
eliminates paper tape and allows programmers to
send files directly to machine tools
 1980’s - CNC machine is introduced. Unix and
PC based systems
 1997 - PC- Windows operating system is
attached to cnc
TYPES OF CNC
 Turning Centers
 Vertical Machining Centers

 Horizontal Machining Centers

 Drilling Machines

 EDM Machines

 Laser-Cutting Machines
TURNING
CENTERS
VERTICAL MACHINING CENTERS

•Spindle in a vertical
orientation.
•VMCs are high-precision
•Used for tight-tolerance
HORIZONTAL MACHINING CENTERS
•Horizontal machining occurs on a
horizontal machining center (HMC),
which employs a spindle that is parallel
to the ground floor.
•With a horizontally oriented spindle,
tools stick out of the side of the tool
holder and cut across the side of a work
piece, encouraging chips to fall away
from the table
EDM MACHINES

•EDM is a manufacturing process

whereby a desired shape is obtained by
using electrical discharges (sparks).
•Material is removed from the work
piece by a series of rapidly recurring
current discharges between
two electrodes, separated by
a dielectric liquid and subject to an
electric voltage.
LASER-CUTTING MACHINES

•The process of cutting a material

using a laser beam is called a
Laser Cutting.
•The laser beam hits the surface of
the material and heats it so
strongly that it melts or completely
vaporizes. Once the laser beam has
completely penetrated the material
at one point, the actual cutting
process begins.
•The laser system follows the
selected geometry and separates
the material in the process.
ELEMENTS OF CNC

 Machine structure
 Guideways

 Ball screw

 Transmission elements -Couplings/Pulley

 Power chuck

 Auto Tool changer

 Auto pallet changer

MACHINE STRUCTURE

 Load carrying and supporting member of the

machine
 Subjected to static and dynamic loads

 Structure should not deform or vibrate under the

loads beyond limits
GUIDEWAYS

Guideways are used to control the direction of

carriage or the table on which a workpiece/tool is
held and also to absorb all static and dynamic
forces.
They are generally known as following

 LINEAR GUIDEWAYS
 BOX GUIDEWAYS

 AEROSTATIC GUIDEWAYS

 HYDROSTATIC GUIDEWAYS
COMMON FORMAT OF BLOCK

 G00 G90 G17 G54 G40 G49 G80

This block of code tells the machine that we want to be in

rapid mode and using absolute position in the XY plane of
fixture offset 1. At the same time we want to cancel any
tool diameter and length offsets and make sure any active
canned cycles are cancelled.

 G00 – Rapid mode

 G90 – Absolute position mode
 G17 – XY plane select
 G54 – Fixture offset 1
 G40 – Cutter compensation (tool diameter) cancel
 G49 – Length offset cancel
 G80 – Canned cycle cancel
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CNC
ADVANTAGES

 High Accuracy e.g. Aircraft parts

 Production rate is very high

 Complex surfaces need to be machined

 Flexibility in job change , automatic tool settings

 More safe , higher productivity , better quality

 Less paper work , faster prototype production

DISADVANTAGES

 Costly setup
 Skilled operators

 Computers , Programming knowledge required

 Maintenance is very difficult