LESSON

12
P-I-D CONTROL
 INTRODUCTION

Proportional-Integral-derivative (PID) controller is the most popular type

controller. PID controllers are found in a wide range of applications for
industrial process control. Approximately 95% of the closed loop
operations of industrial automation sector use PID controllers. PID stands
for Proportional-Integral-Derivative. These three controllers are
combined in such a way that it produces a control signal. Also addressed
are various combinations of proportional, integral, and derivative control
actions, especially the PID controller (which includes all three)
PROPORTIONAL
CONTROL

It is simple regulating
type; tuning is easy
and fast responding.
But it normally
introduces offset or
“steady state error”.
 INTEGRAL
CONTROL

It does not exhibit

steady state error, but
is relatively slow
responding. It
provides necessary
action to eliminate the
steady state error.
 P–I CONTROL

It does not cause offset

associated with
proportional control. It also
yields much faster
response than integral
action alone. It is widely
used for process industries
for controlling variables
like level, flow, pressure,
etc., those do not have
large time constants.
 P-D CONTROL

Control: It is effective for

systems having large number
of time constants. It results in a
more rapid response and less
offset than is possible by pure
proportional control. But one
must be careful while using
derivative action in control of
very fast processes, or if the
measurement is noisy (e.g.
flow measurement).
P-I-D
CONTROLLER

It finds universal
application. But proper
tuning of the controller
is difficult. It is
particularly useful for
controlling slow
variables, like pH,
temperature, etc. in
process industries.
 ADVANTAGES:

Proportional ( P ) : Speed controlled ( Increase gain)

Proportional - Integrated ( PI ) : Good damping, Offset is
zero ( because of Integration), No steady state error
Proportional - Differential ( PD ) : Maximum overshoot
decreases, Rise time, settling time is reduced , Bandwidth is
increased.
Proportional - Integrated - Differential ( PID ) : Decreases
rise time, Eliminates steady state error, Decreases overshoot
and settling time.
 DISADVANTAGES:

Proportional ( P ) : Offset issue

Proportional - Integrated ( PI ) : Slow Response, Stability
Proportional - Differential ( PD ) : Offset, Steady state error
 END.

ME5-6 Maquinto, Christopher

Friday / 2:00pm-5:00pm