Chemical Kinetics

(Collision Theory)
(adapted from: https://www.sd67.bc.ca)
 Chemical Kinetics

 The study of the rates and mechanisms

of reactions
 Concerns how rate of chemical
reactions are measured, how they can
be predicted and how reaction rate
data are used
 Rate of Reaction


 Rate of Reaction


 Collision Theory

“For a reaction between two

particles to occur, the particles
must collide and the collision
must be effective”
 The Collision Theory

1. Matter consists of moving particles.

2. As the temperature increases the particles move
faster and collide more often and with more energy.
3. In chemical reactions bonds must be broken and new
ones formed.
4. The energy for this comes from particle collisions.
5. The collisions have a variety of energy, as some are
harder than others.
6. A collision energy diagram is a graph of the number
of the collisions versus the energy of each collision.
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break
bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry

products
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry versus Poor Geometry

products
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry versus Poor Geometry

products
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry versus Poor Geometry

products
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry versus Poor Geometry

products
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry versus Poor Geometry

products no products
 Collision Theory

You need a collision to have a reaction.

Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful

A successful collision requires:

1. Favourable Geometry versus Poor Geometry

products no products
Collision Theory
You need a collision to have a reaction.
Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful
A successful collision requires:
2. Sufficient Energy to break the chemical bonds
Collision Theory
You need a collision to have a reaction.
Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful
A successful collision requires:
2. Sufficient Energy to break the chemical bonds
Collision Theory
You need a collision to have a reaction.
Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful
A successful collision requires:
2. Sufficient Energy to break the chemical bonds
Collision Theory
You need a collision to have a reaction.
Collisions provide the energy required to break bonds.
Most collisions are not successful
A successful collision requires:
2. Sufficient Energy to break the chemical bonds

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy

required for a successful collision.
 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %

Percent
of
Collisions
With
Energy

0%

Low Collision energy High

 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!
Percent
of
Collisions
With
Energy

0%

Low Collision energy High

 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!
Percent
of
Collisions
With
Energy

0%

Low Collision energy High

 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!
Percent
of
Collisions
With
This area represents the
Energy
fraction of collisions
with the Ea -successful.
0%

Low Collision energy High

What happens to the number of successful collisions if
we add a catalyst, which lowers the activation energy
Ea?

Watch!
 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!
Percent
of
Collisions
With This area represents the
Energy fraction of collisions
with the Ea -successful
0%

Low Collision energy High

 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- too break the bonds!
Percent Lowering the Ea
of increases successful
Collisions collisions!
With
Energy

0%

Low Collision energy High

What happens to the number of successful collisions if
we increase the temperature- so that the average
collision energy is greater?

Watch!
 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!
Percent
of
Collisions
With
Energy

0%

Low Collision energy High

 Collision Energy Diagram
100 % Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!

Percent Push the graph

of down and right! Increasing the temperature
Collisions increases successful
With collisions- increases rate!
Energy

0%

Low Collision energy High

 Collision Energy Diagram
100 %
Activation Energy Ea- minimum energy required
for a successful collision- to break the bonds!
Percent
of
Collisions This area represents the
With fraction of collisions
Energy that do not have the Ea-
not successful.

0%

Low Collision energy High

The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

Reaction rates can increase due to

1. More collisions

2. Harder collisions- greater collision energy

3. Lower activation energy or Ea, which allows low

energy collisions to be more effective.

And that’s it!

The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

1. Increasing the temperature increases the rate

because there are:
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

1. Increasing the temperature increases the rate

because there are:

More frequent collisions

The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

1. Increasing the temperature increases the rate

because there are:

More frequent collisions

Harder collisions
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

2. Increasing the reactant concentration increases the

rate because there are:
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

2. Increasing the reactant concentration increases the

rate because there are:

More frequent collisions

The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

3. Adding a catalyst increases the rate because:

The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

3. Adding a catalyst increases the rate because

Lower activation energy or Ea, which allows low

energy collisions to be successful
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

4. Changing the nature of the reactant for a more reactive

chemical changes the rate because
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

4. Changing the nature of the reactant for a more reactive

chemical changes the rate because

Lower activation energy or Ea, which allows low

energy collisions to be more effective
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

5. Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant increases

the rate because:
The Collision Theory can be used to explain how the rate
of a reaction can be changed.

5. Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant increases

the rate because:

More frequent collisions

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

1. A balloon full of H2 and O2 do not react at room

temperature.

A small spark ignites causes an explosion.

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

1. A balloon full of H2 and O2 do not react at room

temperature.

Ea is too high for the room temperature collisions

A small spark ignites causes an explosion.

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

1. A balloon full of H2 and O2 do not react at room

temperature.

Ea is too high for the room temperature collisions

A small spark ignites causes an explosion.

The spark provides the Ea and it explodes because it

is exothermic
Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

2. A candle does not burn at room temperature

A match causes the candle to burn.

The candle continues to burn

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

2. A candle does not burn at room temperature

Ea is too high for the room temperature collisions

A match causes the candle to burn.

The candle continues to burn

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

2. A candle does not burn at room temperature

Ea is too high for the room temperature collisions

A match causes the candle to burn.

The match provides the Ea

The candle continues to burn

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

2. A candle does not burn at room temperature

Ea is too high for the room temperature collisions

A match causes the candle to burn.

The match provides the Ea

The candle continues to burn

It burns because it is exothermic

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

3. H2O2 decomposes very slowly at room temperature.

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

KI increases the reaction rate dramatically.

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

3. H2O2 decomposes very slowly at room temperature.

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

KI increases the reaction rate dramatically.

Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

3. H2O2 decomposes very slowly at room temperature.

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

KI increases the reaction rate dramatically.

KI is a catalyst as it is not a reactant and it speeds up

the rate.
Explain each Scenario Using the Collision Theory

3. H2O2 decomposes very slowly at room temperature.

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

KI increases the reaction rate dramatically.

KI is a catalyst as it is not a reactant and it speeds up

the rate.

Lowers the activation energy or Ea, which allows low

energy collisions to be more effective
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Ea and the rate

Rate

Ea
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Ea and the rate

Decreasing the Ea increases the rate- inverse.

Rate

Ea
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Ea and the rate

Decreasing the Ea increases the rate- inverse.

Rate

Ea
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Temperature and the rate

Rate

Temp
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Temperature and the rate

Increasing the temperature increases the rate- direct.

Rate

Temp
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Temperature and the rate

Increasing the temperature increases the rate- direct.

Rate

Temp
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Concentration and the rate

Rate

Conc
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Concentration and the rate

Increasing the concentration increases the rate- direct.

Rate

Conc
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Concentration and the rate

Increasing the concentration increases the rate- direct.

Rate

Conc
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Ea and the temperature

Temp

Ea
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Ea and the temperature

The only way to change the Ea is by adding a catalyst!

No relationship!

Temp

Ea
Describe and Graph the Relationship between the
Following
Ea and the temperature

The only way to change the Ea is by adding a catalyst!

No relationship!

Temp

Ea