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Plane;
DeMoivre's
Theorem
Remember a complex number has a real part and an
imaginary part. These are used to plot complex
z x yi
numbers on a complex plane.
r 3 1
2 2
42
5 5 tan 1 1
z 2 cos i sin 3
but in Quad II
6 6 5
6
The Principal Argument is between - and
Imaginary
Axis
1
tan
1
but in Quad II
z =r 3
y
1 Real 5
3 x Axis
6
5 5
arg z principal arg
6 6
5 5
z 2 cos i sin
6 6
It is easy to convert from polar to rectangular form
because you just work the trig functions and distribute
the r through.
5 5 3 1
z 2 cos i sin 2 i 3 i
6 6 2 2
3 1
2 2 If asked to plot the point and it
is in polar form, you would
plot the angle and radius.
r1r2 we
Look at where
cosstarted
see if you can make a1 statement
i andwhere
sin
cos
we
1 as to what
2
ended
i sin
up and
happens 2 to
the r 's and the 's when Must FOIL
you these two complex
multiply
r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 i sin 2 cos 1 i sin 1 cos 2 i 2 sin 1 sin 2
numbers.
Replace i 2 with -1 and group real terms and then imaginary terms
Multiply the Moduli and Add the Arguments
r1r2 cos1 cos2 sin 1 sin 2 sin 1 cos2 cos1 sin 2 i
use sum formula for cos use sum formula for sin
If z2 0, then
z1 r1
cos1 2 i sin1 2
z2 r2
(This says to divide two complex numbers in polar form,
divide the moduli and subtract the arguments)
Let z1 r1 cos 1 i sin 1 and z2 r2 cos 2 i sin 2
be two complex numbers. Then
z1 z2 r1r2 cos1 2 i sin 1 2
cis 1 2
z1 r1
z2 r2
If z 4 cos 40 i sin 40 and w 6 cos120 i sin 120 ,
find : (a) zw (b) z w
zw 4 cos 40 i sin 40 6 cos120 i sin120
4 6 cos 40 120 i sin 40 120
multiply the moduli add the arguments
(the i sine term will have same argument)
24 cos160 i sin160
If you want the answer
in rectangular
24 0.93969 0.34202i coordinates simply
compute the trig
22.55 8.21i functions and multiply
the 24 through.
z
4 cos 40 i sin 40
w 6 cos120 i sin 120
4
cos 40 120 i sin 40 120
6
divide the moduli subtract the arguments
2
cos 80
3
i sin 80
In polar form we want an angle between 0° and 180°
PRINCIPAL ARGUMENT
3 i 3 i 3 i 3 i you would need to FOIL
and multiply all of these
together and simplify
Instead let's convert to polar form powers of i --- UGH!
and use DeMoivre's Theorem.
1
tan 1 but in Quad II 5
r 3 2
1 4 2
2
3 6
4
5 5
24 cos 4 5 i sin 4 5
4
3 i 2 cos i sin
6 6 6 6
1
10 10 16
3
i
16 cos i sin 2 2
3 3
8 8 3i
Solve the following over the set of complex numbers:
z 1
3 We know that if we cube root both sides we
could get 1 but we know that there are 3
roots. So we want the complex cube roots of
1.
Using DeMoivre's Theorem with the power being a
rational exponent (and therefore meaning a root), we can
develop a method for finding complex roots. This leads
to the following formula:
2 k 2 k
z k r cos
n
i sin
n n n n
where k 0, 1, 2, , n 1
Let's try this on our problem. We want the cube roots of 1.