A

PRESENTATION
ON

“3D FLOWS IN AXIAL TURBOMACHINES”

Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the

requirement for the Degree of

Master of Engineering
In
Mechanical Engineering
(Thermal Engineering)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Guided by:
Submitted By:

P. M .MEENA SIR HANS RAJ

April 2015

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MBM ENGINEERING COLLEGE JODHPUR
 CONTENTS
 OFF DESIGN PERFORMANCE OF A STAGE

 FREE VORTEX TURBINE STAGE

 ACTUATOR DISC APPROACH

 BLADE ROW INTERACTION EFFECTS

 COMPUTER AIDED METHODS OF SOLVING

THROUGH FLOW PROBLEMS
OFF DESIGN PERFORMANCE OF A STAGE

 Consider a turbine stage with minor modification

 The Analysis can made applicable to compressor stage

 Apply radial equilibrium equation in both side of rotor

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Radial equilibrium equation
small element of fluid of mass dm , unit depth ,
angle dθ , tangential velocity cθ at radius r.
pressure forces balance the centrifugal forces:

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the radial equilibrium equation may be obtained

now
 Assume flow at const. entropy
 Apply radial equilibrium equation in both side of
rotor

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therefore

Substituting cθ3 = cx3 tan 𝛽3 - Ωr into the above equation, then,

after some simplification,

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c x2, c θ2, 𝛽3 are known functions
cx3 is unknown
this calculation for successive increments of radius a complete velocity profile
cx3 can be determined. Using the continuity relation

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the calculation enable a sufficiently accurate exit velocity profile to be
found.

 The off-design performance may be obtained by making the

approximation that the rotor relative exit angle 𝛽3 and the nozzle
exit angle 𝛼2 remain constant at a particular radius with a change
in mass flow.

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FREE VORTEX TURBINE STAGE

 A free-vortex stage is considered where, at the design point, the flow at rotor
exit is completely axial (i.e. without swirl).
 At stage entry the flow is again supposed completely axial and of constant
stagnation enthalpy h01.
 Free-vortex conditions at entry to the rotor,

 rcθ 2 = rcx2 tan 𝛼 2 = constant.

 The problem is to find how the axial velocity distribution at rotor exit varies
as the mass flow is altered away from the design value.

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 At off-design conditions the relative rotor exit angle 𝛽 3
is assumed to remain equal to the value 𝛽 * at the design
mass flow (* denotes design conditions).

 in the velocity triangles at off-design conditions the swirl

c
velocity θ3 is non-zero

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At the design condition, c*θ3 = 0

By both above eq.

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Design and off-design velocity triangles for a free-vortex turbine stage.

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The radial equilibrium equation at rotor outlet gives

combining with eqn.

Put dh02/dr = 0 and that (d/dr)(rcθ2) = 0 at all mass flows.

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which when substituted in eq.

After rearranging and integrated

where cx3 = cx3m at r = rm.

Above eq. in non dimensional form
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by introducing eq. in flow coefficients Ø = cx3
/Um, Ø * = c*x3 /Um and Ø m =cx3m/Um. Thus

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 ACTUATOR DISC APPROACH
 In the radial equilibrium design method ,assumed that all
radial motion took place within the blade row.
 However, in most turbo machines of low hub–tip ratio ,
radial velocities can be measured outside of the blade row.
 For the flow through a single row of rotor blades, the
variation in pressure (near the hub and tip) and variation
in axial velocity (near the hub), both as functions of axial
position
 radial equilibrium is not established entirely within the
blade row

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 A more accurate form of three-dimensional flow
analysis than radial equilibrium theory is
obtained with the actuator disc concept.
 The idea of an actuator disc is old and first used
in the theory of propellers
 In this imagine that the axial width of each blade
row is shrunk while, at the same time, the space–
chord ratio, the blade angles and overall length of
machine are maintained constant

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 BLADE ROW INTERACTION EFFECTS

 The spacing between blade rows in axial turbo machines

is usually sufficiently small for mutual flow interactions to
occur between the rows.
 This interference may be calculated by an extension of the
results obtained from isolated actuator disc theory.
 the simplest case of two actuator discs situated a
distance d apart from one another is considered. The
extension to the case of a large number of discs

 19
Consider each disc in isolation
Thus, for disc A in isolation

where |x| denotes modulus of x and H = rt - rh.

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 For disc B in isolation,

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 adding radial equilibrium velocity for x ≤0, and to
cx∞1 from eq.

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COMPUTER AIDED METHODS OF SOLVING THROUGH
FLOW PROBLEMS

 actuator disc theory has better understanding of the

complicated the radial-axial plane through-flow problem in
turbomachines of simple geometry and flow conditions

 the design of axial-flow compressors has been limited.

 The extensions of actuator disc theory to the solution

complex three-dimensional, compressible flows in
compressors with varying hub and tip radius and non-uniform
total pressure distributions

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 In recent years advanced computational
methods have been successfully evolved for
predicting the meridional compressible flow in
turbomachines
 By Through-flow methods
It solve by three techniques
1) Streamline curvature,
2) Matrix through-flow or finite difference
solution
3) Time-marching 25