Instrumentasi Elektronika Dan Sensor Kimia

Electronics Instrumentation and Chemical Sensor
Ganjar Fadillah, S.Si., M.Si.

Program Studi DIII Analisis Kimia
Universitas Islam Indonesia
2019cv
g.fadillah_ ganjar.fadillah@uii.ac.id
Kontrak belajar:
1. Mahasiswa wajib hadir paling lambat 15 menit dari jadwal yang telah ditetapkan
2. Syarat untuk mengikuti ujian tengah semester dan akhir semester mengikuti aturan universitas dan
Pendidikan FMIPA UII
3. Penilaian didasarkan Capaian Pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan dengan bobot nilai sebagai berikut:
SubCP1A SubCP1B SubCP1C SubCP1D SubCP2A SubCP2b CMPK 100%
20% 10% 10% 10% 25% 25%
Introduction
The terms "sensor" and "transducer" have often been used as

synonyms.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard MC6.1 defines

a transducer as "a device which provides a usable output in response
to a specific measurand" (Instrument Society of America, 1975).
An output is defined as an "electrical quantity," and a measurand is ''a

physical quantity, property, or condition which is measured."
Introduction
Introduction
Simple instrument model
Introduction
Instrument model with amplifier, analog to digital converter, and computer

output.
If the signal output from the sensor is small, it is sometimes necessary to amplify the
output shown in the figure. The amplified output can then be transmitted to the display
device or recorded, depending on the particular measurement application
Introduction
Sensors can be categorized into two broad classes depending on

how they interact with the environment they are measuring
Passive sensor Active sensor
• do not add energy as part of the

• add energy to the measurement environment as
measurement process but may remove
part of the measurement process
energy in their operation
• An example of an active sensor is a radar or sonar
• One example of a passive sensor is a
system
thermocouple
Introduction
Chemical- and biosensors

Industrial, Environmental, and Clinical Applications
• Chemical sensors
• measure and characterize chemical compounds.
• These sensors include conduct metric sensors, catalytic sensors, and gas sensors.
• Biosensors
• measure and characterize organic materials.
• These sensors include enzyme sensors and DNA analysis systems
Introduction
Several parameters to develop a good sensor
Modifiying and
Accuracy and Systematic
Calibration Interfering Noise
Error error sources
inputs
Introduction
Calibrations
The relationship between the physical measurement

variable input and the signal variable (output) for a specific
sensor is known as the calibration of the sensor
The sensitivity of the device is determined by the slope

of the calibration curve.
Introduction
Modifying and Interfering Inputs
Interfering inputs.
Illustration of the effect of a modifying input on a calibration curve.
Modifying inputs changes the behavior of the sensor or

measurement system, thereby modifying the
input/output relationship and calibration of the device g.fadillah_ ganjar.fadillah@uii.ac.id
Introduction
Accuracy and Error
The accuracy of an instrument is defined as the difference

between the true value of the measurand and the
measured value indicated by the instrument.
Introduction
Systematic Error Sources (Bias)
Introduction
Random Error Sources
POTENTIOMETRY
Volta cell
In potentiometry the potential of an electrochemical cell is measured under static conditions.
Because no current, or only a negligible current, flows while measuring a solution’s potential, its
composition remains unchanged.
Potential cell
SEL VOLTA
Potensial Sel
Sel Potensiometri
84,2 mV
Elektroda Pembanding Eref
Jembatan garam,
Ej
Elektroda kerja Eind
Esel = Eind – Eref + Ej

Potensial Antarmuka
Elektroda Hidrogen Standar
Elektroda Kalomel
Elektroda Ag/AgCl
Elektroda Kerja Logam
• Elektroda Jenis Pertama

Logam yang dicelupkan kedalam larutan ionnya
Contoh: logam tembaga yang dicelupkan ke dalam larutan ion Cu2+
Elektroda Jenis Pertama
Elektroda Jenis Kedua
Elektroda logam yang dicelupkan ke dalam larutan yang dijenuhkan dengan

garam sukar larut dari ion logam tersebut.
Elektroda Jenis Kedua
Elektroda Redoks
Elektroda logam inert dicelupkan ke dalam larutan yang mengandung ion yang
dapat mengalami reaksi reduksi/oksidasi di permukaan elektroda tersebut.
Elektroda ini tidak terlibat dalam reaksi tersebut.
Contoh: Fe3+, Fe2+Pt

http://tiny.cc/me3edz
Elektroda Membran
Selektifitas Membran
[A]E dan [I]E adalah konsentrasi analit dan pengganggu yang memberikan nilai
potensial sel yang sama
Penentuan Tetapan Selektifitas
Elektroda Gelas
Mekanisme Timbulnya Potensial
H+(lar.) + Na+Gl-(mem.)  Na+(lar.) + H+Gl-(mem.)

Mekanisme Timbulnya Potensial
H+Gl-(mem.)  H+(lar.) + Gl-(mem.)

Mem Laru
bran tan
Batas
Membran-
Larutan
ESI Kalsium
Aktivitas vs Konsentrasi
Jika  tetap
Ionic Strength Adjuster
Kekuatan Ion ()
  0,5{[ A]Z A2  [ B]Z B2  [C ]Z C2  .......}
Debeye-Huckel
0,51Z x2 
 log   =diameter efektif ion
1  3,3 
Gas Sensor based on Potentiometry
Analisis Kuantitatif
•Metode Kurva Kalibrasi
The concentration of Ca2+ in a water sample was determined by the method of external
standards. The ionic strength of the samples and standards was maintained at a nearly
constant level by making each solution 0.5 M in KNO3. The measured cell potentials for the
external standards are shown in the following table
What is the concentration of Ca2+ in a water

sample if its cell potential is found to be –
0.084 V?
• Metode Penambahan Standar
The concentration of Ca2+ in a sample of sea water is determined using

a Ca ion-selective electrode and a one-point standard addition. A
10.00-mL sample is transferred to a 100-mL volumetric flask and
diluted to volume. A 50.00-mL aliquot of sample is placed in a beaker
with the Ca ion-selective electrode and a reference electrode, and the
potential is measured as –0.05290 V. A 1.00-mL aliquot of a 5.00 × 10–
2 M standard solution of Ca2+ is added, and a potential of –0.04417 V
is measured. What is the concentration of Ca2+ in the sample of sea
water?
• Metode Penambahan Standar

Contoh
Konsentrasi NO3 di dalam sampel air dapat ditentukan secara potensiometri dengan elektroda
selektif ion nitrat menggunakan metoda penambahan standar. 25,0 mL larutan sampel
ditempatkan di dalam gelas kimia dan kemudian elektroda kerja dan elektroda pembanding
dicelupkan ke dalam larutan ini. Potensial yang terukur adalah 102 mV. Ke dalam larutan ini
kemudian ditambahkan 1,0 mL larutan standar NO3 200 ppm. Setelah penambahan larutan
standar, potensial sel berubah menjadi 89 mV. Berapa ppm ion NO3 terdapat di dalam sampel?
Sokalski and co-workers described a method for preparing ion-

selective electrodes with significantly improved selectivities.3 For
example, a conventional Pb2+ ISE has a logKPb2+/Mg2+ of –3.6. If
the potential for a solution in which the activity of Pb2+ is
4.1×10–12 is identical to that for a solution in which the activity of
Mg2+ is 0.01025, what is the value of logKPb2+/Mg2+?
What is the maximum pH that we can tolerate if we wish to analyze a

solution in which the activity of F– is 1×10–5 and if the error is to be
less than 1%?
Titrasi Potensiometri
• Elektroda kerja dan elektroda pembanding dicelupkan ke dalam larutan analit.

• Potensial sel diamati selama penambahan titran.
• Titik akhir ditentukan dari kurva titrasi
Titrasi Potensiometri
Kurva Titrasi
Closing
See you next week

Inysa Allah

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Electronics Instrumentation and Chemical Sensor

Ganjar Fadillah, S.Si., M.Si.

SubCP1A SubCP1B SubCP1C SubCP1D SubCP2A SubCP2b CMPK 100%

20% 10% 10% 10% 25% 25%

The terms "sensor" and "transducer" have often been used as

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard MC6.1 defines

An output is defined as an "electrical quantity," and a measurand is ''a

Simple instrument model

Instrument model with amplifier, analog to digital converter, and computer

Sensors can be categorized into two broad classes depending on

Passive sensor Active sensor

• do not add energy as part of the

Chemical- and biosensors

Several parameters to develop a good sensor

The relationship between the physical measurement

The sensitivity of the device is determined by the slope

Illustration of the effect of a modifying input on a calibration curve.

Modifying inputs changes the behavior of the sensor or

The accuracy of an instrument is defined as the difference

Elektroda Pembanding Eref

Elektroda kerja Eind

Esel = Eind – Eref + Ej

• Elektroda Jenis Pertama

Elektroda logam yang dicelupkan ke dalam larutan yang dijenuhkan dengan

Contoh: Fe3+, Fe2+Pt

H+(lar.) + Na+Gl-(mem.)  Na+(lar.) + H+Gl-(mem.)

H+Gl-(mem.)  H+(lar.) + Gl-(mem.)

Kekuatan Ion ()

  0,5{[ A]Z A2  [ B]Z B2  [C ]Z C2  .......}

•Metode Kurva Kalibrasi

What is the concentration of Ca2+ in a water

• Metode Penambahan Standar

The concentration of Ca2+ in a sample of sea water is determined using

• Metode Penambahan Standar

Sokalski and co-workers described a method for preparing ion-

What is the maximum pH that we can tolerate if we wish to analyze a

• Elektroda kerja dan elektroda pembanding dicelupkan ke dalam larutan analit.

See you next week

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