Networking Basics

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Agenda
Overview

What is a Network?

Establishing Network Connectivity

OSI Model

Physical Components

DataLink Protocols

Network Protocols

Other Terms and Definitions

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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the participant will
be able to:

Explain the network concept

Explain how to connect to a network

Describe the OSI Model layers

Differentiate between Physical layer components

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Objectives (continued)
Identify characteristics of Ethernet and Token
Ring Protocols

Explain Network Protocols

Define DNS, DHCP, WINS, Domain

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Overview

This course provides an agent with a fundamental

knowledge of basic networking

The foundation this class provides is built upon

in troubleshooting TCP/IP and Wireless
Networking

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What is a Network?
A network exists when information and resources
can be shared

A network provides a mechanism for making

better use of our resources

When computers are linked to share resources a

network exists

Two computers connected by a crossover cable

comprise the smallest computer network
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What is a Network?
One way to describe a network is by the area it spans

LAN – Local Area Network

• Computer network that spans a relatively small area
• Most are confined to a single building or group of buildings
• All the computers use the same datalink protocol
WAN – Wide Area Network
• Group of connected LANs
• One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone
lines, leased lines, fiber runs, or radio waves
• The Internet is the largest
MAN – Municipal Area Network
• A network within a city or town
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What is a Network?
A network can also be described by the architecture
the computers use to communicate with one another

Peer-to-Peer Model
• Each computer can share resources and get resources from
another computer in the network
• Access is determined by user’s security permissions on each
machine
Can I use the Printer?

Client and Server Client and Server

Can I use the customer file?

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What is a Network?
Client/Server

• All computers get resources from the server

• Access is determined by the user’s security permissions on the

network
Server

Can I add to the Can I use your printer?

database? Can I get the customer
file?

Client
Client
Client

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What is a Network?
When using Client/Server model, the server operating
system is a Network Operating System (NOS)

• Windows 2000/XP and Novell Netware are the most common

• NOS contains a database of user accounts

• Every user must logon and receive network credentials to access

network resources

• Security permissions are attached to resources

• A specific user may have no access, read only access, or full

control of the resource
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What is a Network?
• In a NOS, users can be combined in groups

• The groups can then be given access to a specific resource

• This reduces administration of security permissions

• In Windows, the server that verifies a user’s right to logon

the network is called a domain controller

• The domain controller contains the Security Account

Manager (SAM)

• This is the database of users

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Establishing Network Connectivity
Requires four steps:
steps

• Install the network interface card (NIC)

• Install the NIC driver

• Install the client software

• Install and configure the network communications protocol

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Establishing Network Connectivity
Install the NIC

• The NIC is an Input/Output (I/O) card plugged into a slot on the

motherboard

Install and Configure the NIC Driver

• I/O driver is the translator between the device and the operating
system

• Think of the operating system as speaking French and the network

as speaking Mandarin

• Driver must speak both languages to allow them to communicate

effectively
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Establishing Network Connectivity
• Most NIC’s are PnP compatible

• Resources are automatically assigned to the driver while the system

is booting

• These include Interrupt Request (IRQ), I/O Memory, Memory, and

DMA
Install the Client Software

• Client software is specific to the NOS

• If server is running Novell Netware, the Netware client must be

installed on the client computer

• Many Microsoft operating systems install the Microsoft client by

default
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Establishing Network Connectivity
Install and Configure the Network Communications
Protocol

• Package and address the network packets ensuring that they are
delivered within the LAN

• Protocol is determined by the NOS

• Windows and the Internet communicate using the TCP/IP protocol

• Novell Netware uses IPX/SPX and/or TCP/IP

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Establishing Network Connectivity
• The properties for the protocol must be configured in the properties
for the protocol

• With TCP/IP -- an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway are

required

• Can be automatically acquired with access to a Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• The IPX/SPX protocol uses an address based on the Media

Access Control (MAC) address on the NIC

• All clients must use the same frame type

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OSI Model
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model was created by the ISO
(International Standards Organization)

• Sets the accepted procedures that govern the development of network

components

• Procedures provide standard interfaces that allow diverse programs and

hardware to interconnect

• Model addresses seven layers of network connectivity but a specific

component may only address one or two of the layers

• A network interface card (NIC), for example, only works at the Physical and
Data Link Layers

• The OSI model defines a consistent communication platform for

manufacturers and developers of network components
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OSI Model
Computer A Computer B

Application 7 Data Application 7

Presentation 6 Data Presentation 6

Session 5 Data Session 5

Transport 4 Chunked Data Transport 4

Network 3 Packet Network 3

DataLink 2 Frame DataLink 2

Physical 1 Bits Physical 1

bits

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OSI Model
Application Layer
Includes all the network applications a user interacts with
including:

- HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (www) is the protocol used on the world
wide web and determines what types of information can be transferred.
- FTP – File Transfer Protocol is the protocol used to transfer files between
computers
- SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send email.
- POP3 – Post Office Protocol 3 is used to receive mail.
- NNTP – Network News Transfer Protocol provides distribution, inquiry, retrieval
and posting of news articles, bulleting boards and chats.
- Gopher – Gopher is a search engine.
- Telnet – Telnet allows a user to logon and control a remote computer.

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OSI Model
Presentation Layer

Converts application layer information into a common

format on the sending computer

Converts the common format to the application format

at the receiving computer, formats include:
- ASCII – text files

- JPG, BMP, GIF – pictures

- MPG, AVI, MOV – videos

- MP3, WAV – music

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OSI Model
Session Layer

Responsible for establishing a connection, maintaining

the connection and ending the connection

The decision to transmit data using half duplex or full

duplex is made at this layer
- Half Duplex – This transmission type is similar to a one lane bridge.
Cars can travel in both directions but not at the same time. With half
duplex one computer send a message then waits for the other
computer to respond.

- Full Duplex – This transmission type allows both computers to transmit

and receive at the same time.

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OSI Model
Tools that facilitate this process are Remote Procedure
Calls (RPC) and named pipe

• RPCs are issued whenever a network resource is contacted

• An RPC server is the server providing the specific resource

• This could be a print server, a DHCP server, a domain controller or

a file server

• Named pipes are created to allow private communications to occur

over a public network
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OSI Model
Transport Layer

Responsible for breaking information into chunks and assigning

addresses to the different processes

• The process addresses are called ports

• These should not be confused with external ports

• These are virtual ports used to keep network applications separated in the
operating system

• Ports numbers are assigned based on the following:

- Well Known Ports 0-1023

- Registered Ports 1024 – 49,151
- Private Ports 49,151 – 65535
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OSI Model
Package being sent:

Data from HTTP web page

Source Destination Data Source Destination Data Source Destination Data

52,999 80 52,999 80 52,999 80

Package received:
Data to HTTP web page

Source Destination Data Source Destination Data Source Destination Data

80 52,999 80 52,999 80 52,999

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OSI Model
A private port address is Port / Protocol Application
assigned to the source port of
the packet 20,21/tcp Ftp
23/tcp Telnet
A well-known port or a registered 25/tcp, udp Smtp
port is assigned to the
destination port 53/tcp,udp Dns
69/udp Tftp
This port is specific to the
application that the packet was 70/tcp Gopher
created for
80/tcp www http
110/tcp Pop
The following table lists some
well-known ports: 3161 /tcp Snmp
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OSI Model
Two types of commonly used transport protocols that
are part of the TCP/IP Protocol suite

- Transport Control Protocol (TCP) - At this layer the connection

oriented protocol, TCP, establishes flow control by agreeing on the
amount of data in each packet to be transferred (3 way handshake)
and monitoring the packets that are received to ensure that lost
packets are resent.

- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – At this layer the connectionless

protocol, UDP, sends a packet and assumes the destination computer
receives it. There is no check performed to ensure the packet arrived
intact.

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OSI Model
Network Layer

• At this layer a packet is created

• Packet includes information from the upper layers and the network
address for the source and destination computer
• The IP address is the network address assigned to a TCP/IP
packet
• The IPX address is the network address assigned to the IPX/SPX
packet
• The information in the packet is ordered based on the network
protocol
• A receiving computer will look for information in a specific place in
the packet based on the protocol
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OSI Model
IP Packet

Version IHL Type of Service Total Length ID Flags Fragment Offset TTL

Protocol Checksum Source Address Destination Address Data

IPX Packet

Checksum Packet Length Transport Control Packet Type Destination Network

Dest. Node Dest. Socket Source Network Source Node Source Socket Data

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OSI Model
Data-Link Layer

• Controls the movement of data on the network

• The packet from the network layer is modified to include the frame
source and destination address

• This address is the media access control (MAC) address on the NIC

• Once these addresses are added the packet is called a frame

• Data-link protocols differ in the way frame is sent on the network

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OSI Model
Ethernet Protocol (IEEE 802.3)

• Based on the bus physical topology and uses Carrier Sense,

Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

• Means the computer that wants to send a message listens on the

media, sends the message if it hears nothing

• If two computers send a message at the same time, a collision occurs

• When a collision occurs the sending computers wait a random

amount of time, listen, and resend the message
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OSI Model
Token Ring Protocol (IEEE 802.5)

• Based on the ring physical topology and puts a token message on

the ring

• The computer that wants to send a message must first control the
token

• The message is sent, then the token is re-released

• This ensures that only one message is on the ring at a time

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OSI Model
Wireless Protocol (IEEE 802.11x) (Similar to Ethernet)

• The computer listens for traffic on the radio waves, if there is none
the package is transmitted

• If a collision occurs the package is retransmitted

• This protocol is affected by anything else transmitting in the same

radio wave space

• Examples include cell phones and microwaves, common examples

are 802.11b, 802.11g. and 802.11f

• They vary in transmission speed and frequency

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OSI Model
Physical Layer

A frame is conveyed as bits onto the media

The physical topology and the components are the

issues at this layer

Physical components include the media (cabling, radio

waves, etc), the connectors, the NIC and the signal
repeating devices like the hub and repeater
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Network Topologies

Bus

• A bus topology is a single cable that connects all computers in a line

• Each end must be terminated, one must be grounded

Computer A Computer B Computer C Computer D Computer E

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Ring

• A ring topology
Computer A Computer B

connects all
computers on a single
cable Computer C
Computer F

• Ends are not

terminated, a loop is Computer E
Computer D

formed that connects

the last computer to
the first computer

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Star

• In a star topology the computers are connected to a central HUB

via cable segments
HUB

Computer A Computer E

Computer D
Computer B

Computer C

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Mesh

• Commonly used in
WAN configurations
Router A
• Routers are
Router E

connected to multiple
links for redundancy
Router B Router D

• Provides the ability to

determine the
quickest route to a Router C

destination and to
change routes when
a connection is
broken
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Network Media

• Transmission of a signal from one computer to another occurs on the media

• Can be a physical cable or the atmosphere
• In data networks, two types of signal can be sent
• Both are generated by electrical current and are measured in voltage

Analog Signal

• With analog signals, the voltage varies continuously, resemble waves

• Strength of an analog signal is measured in amplitude
• Phones transmit analog signals

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Digital Signal
• Turn on and off continuously
• Voltage varies from 0 to a specific positive voltage
• Computers use a series of 1s and 0s to create the digital pattern
• Digital signaling is more efficient than analog signaling because fewer errors
occur so there is less need to resend the message
Data Modulation
• Data must be modulated when it is sent from a digital medium to an analog
medium
• A modem is a modulator/demodulator
• A modem takes a digital signal and converts it to analog to transmit it to
another computer through a phone line
• At the other end the analog signal is converted back to a digital signal or
demodulated
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Baseband and Broadband

• Baseband transmits one digital signal at a time on the media

• The digital signal has exclusive use of the wire until the transmission
is complete
• Broadband modulates signals into radiofrequency (RF) analog
signals using different frequencies
• Because different frequencies are being used, signals can travel on
multiple channels at the same time
• Because a signal on a wire can only travel in one direction, two wires
are required to send and receive
• Cable TV is an example of a broadband transmission

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Types of Cable
• Three types of cable used today
• Two of the types, coaxial and twisted pair, use copper as the transmission
media for an electrical signal
• The third type, fiber optic, uses glass as the transmission media, the signal is
light
Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable was used for many years with Ethernet bus networks
• In most networks today, twisted pair in a star configuration has replaced
coaxial
• There are two types of coaxial cable, Thicknet (RG-58) and Thinnet(RG-8)
• Thicknet has less bend radius than Thinnet but a signal can travel further
without disruption

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Cable type Ethernet Throughput Cable Length Connector
Designation
Thicknet 10Base5 10Mbps 500 meters with no AUI connector
more than 100 (also called DIX or
connections per DB15) to
segment no closer transceiver and
than 2.5 meters computer and
Coaxial Cable
vampire tap to
network

Thinnet 10Base 10Mbps 185 meters with no BNC barrel

more than 30 connector to the
nodes per segment computer and BNC
no closer than 2.5 T connector to
meters network
BNC Connector

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Twisted Pair Cable

• Consists of 4 to 8 color-coded wires

• Each pair is twisted to reduce the effects of crosstalk on the wire

• Crosstalk occurs when signals on nearby wires cross over and

interfere with the signal traveling on each wire

• Two types of twisted pair wire, shielded and unshielded

- Shielded twisted pair (STP) is insulated to reduce noise on the wire

- Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is more common and less expensive

than STP
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Twisted Pair Cable (Continued)

• TIA/EIA developed the standards for twisted pair

• Standards describe categories of the cable

• Cat5E is current minimum standard for new Ethernet networks

• Cat 5 is the most common in existing networks

• Cat 5 or 5E uses 2 or 4 pairs of wires, both support throughput of

100Mbps at a 100MHz signal rate

• Cat 3 uses 2 pairs of wires but only supports data rates of 10Mbps at
20MHz

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Cable type Ethernet Throughput Cable Length Connector
Designation
UTP Cat3 or 10BaseT 10Mbps 100 meters with one RJ45
higherUses 2 pair node per segment

UTP Cat5 or 100BaseTX 100Mbps 100 meters with one RJ45

higherUses 2 pair node per segment

UTP Cat3 or higher 100BaseT4does not 100Mbps 100 meters with one RJ45
Uses 4 pair support full duplex node per segment
transmissions
UTP Cat3 or 100BaseVGvoice 100Mbps 100 meters with one Uses NICs and
higherUses 4 pair gradedoes not node connectors specific to
support full duplex 100BaseVG
transmissions on
Ethernet or Token
Ring

Twisted Pair RJ45 Connector

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Fiber Optic Cable

• Fiber optic cable contains one or several pure glass tubes

• Light is sent through the glass using a light-emitting diode (LED)

• A layer of impure glass surrounds the tubes

• This is called cladding

• The cladding reflects the light back into the tube allowing the signal
to travel for very long distances

• There are two types of fiber, single-mode and multi-mode

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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Single-mode

• Cable using one narrow tube (10 microns in diameter)

• The light has very little room to reflect enabling it to travel long
distances without requiring attenuators
• Single mode is used to connect buildings

Multi-mode

• Cable is 50 to 100 microns in diameter

• Light reflects much more so the signal cannot travel as far and it may
carry more than one signal
• Multi-mode is much cheaper than signal mode
• Multi-mode is usually used to connect wiring closets within a building
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Cable type Ethernet Throughput Cable Length Connector
Designation

Single Mode 100BaseFX 100 Mbps to 3km 10 excepted

1Gbps connectors but ST
or SC are the most
common
Multi-mode2 10BaseFFull 10 Mbps to 1Gbps 2km ST
strands Duplex

Fiber Optic Cable

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DataLink Protocols
DataLink Protocols

• Most common Datalink protocols are Ethernet and Token Ring

• Also referred to as the logical topology or network transport system

• Datalink protocol determines how a message will transmit across the

media

• At this layer the frame packaging is determined

• Frame must include a source and destination MAC address

• The Media Access Control (MAC) address is hard-coded on the

network interface card

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DataLink Protocols
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

• Requires a bus topology and uses the Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) method for controlling how
network nodes will communicate

• Requires all nodes to listen on the media

• If no messages are being transmitted, the node may transmit

• If two nodes transmit at the same time a collision will occur

• All nodes hear the collision

• The two nodes that had messages that collided will wait a random
amount of time within a short window then retransmit
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DataLink Protocols
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) continued

• The other computers must wait longer to ensure the messages are
transmitted

• Every computer in an Ethernet network receives the message and must

assemble it in memory

• If the destination MAC address belongs to the receiving computer the

message is sent up the OSI model and read

• If the MAC address does not belong to the computer, it is dumped

• Switches reduce collisions by directing messages to specific nodes within an

Ethernet network but cannot stop broadcasts

• A broadcast will not stop until it reaches a router

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DataLink Protocols
Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)

• A Token Ring uses a ring topology

• The ring can be located in the hub called a Multiple Access Unit
(MAU)

• A token is released on the ring

• A token is a 24 bit frame

Starting Deliminator 8 Access Control 8 Ending Deliminator

bits bits 8bits

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DataLink Protocols
Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) (continued)

• When a node wants to send a message it must grab the token

• The node can then send the message

• No other node can transmit without possession of the token

• When the message has come completely around the circle, the token is
released and another node can pick it up

• No collisions occur on a Token Ring network

• Only one node transmits at a time

• Every node must read the message and discard it if the MAC address does
not match the MAC address of the node
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Network Protocols
A network protocol is an agreed-upon format for transmitting data
between two devices

The protocol determines the following:

• The type of error checking to be used for Data Compression method, if any
• How the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message
and how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message
• The order and contents of the package

There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers

can choose
Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example,
some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some
are faster

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Network Protocols
TCP/IP

• Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the protocol used on

the Internet and by Windows networked operating systems

• TCP/IP uses 32 bit IP addresses and subnet masks to identify the

network and node

IPX/SPX

• Novell Netware uses this protocol that is easier to configure but

both nodes must use the same frame type for communication to
work

• The IPX address is based on the node MAC address

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Network Protocols
NetBEUI (the enhanced version of NetBIOS protocol)

• This protocol uses the SMB (Simple Message Block) Broadcast

recognized within Windows operating systems

• It requires no configuration but is not a routable protocol

• Because of this, it is limited to use on small networks of 25 nodes or

less

For more detailed information on protocols, go to:

• http://www.protocols.com/pbook/

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Other Terms and Definitions
IP address
• The IP address is a 32 bit binary address unique to the specific
computer. The IP address identifies the network and the node.
Subnet Mask
• The subnet mask is a 32 bit binary number that masks the network
portion of the address enabling a router to direct a message to its
proper destination.
Default Gateway
• The default gateway is a combination of hardware and software that
links two different types of networks. Gateways between e-mail
systems, for example, allow users on different e-mail systems to
exchange messages. The normal default gateway address will be
the port on the router connected to the local area network (LAN).

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Other Terms and Definitions
DHCP
• The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a server
application. When a computer boots up on a network using DHCP,
the computer will send a broadcast to all computers on the network
looking for IP address information. The DHCP server will respond
by providing the information to the computer. The server leases the
information to the computer. When half the leased time has
passed, the computer requests a new lease. Until a computer
receives IP information, the computer cannot communicate on the
network.
DNS
• Domain Name System (or Service), an Internet service that
translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain
names are alphabetic, they are easier to remember.
WINS
• Windows Internet Naming Service,
Service a system that determines the
IP address associated with a particular network computer

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Other Terms and Definitions
FQDN
• A Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) is required for
Windows 2000 and newer operating systems.
www.unisys.com is a FQDN for a web presence.
Tr1.astn.Unisys.com is a FQDN for a specific computer
UNC
• The Universal Naming Convention (UNC)
(UNC structure is
\\server name\share name. The server name is normally the
NetBIOS name of the computer. The share name is
assigned when the folder or resource is shared.

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Other Terms and Definitions
Hub/Repeater
• A hub is a device used to connect two or more computers.

• Uses a bus topology to connect computers. Because of this,

every computer receives every message.

• A hub can be passive which means it only acts as a

connection point, or it can be active, which means it can
regenerate the signal allowing it to travel further.

• Hubs work at Layer One of the OSI model. They are only
concerned with bits.
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Other Terms and Definitions
Bridge
• Bridges are similar to repeaters. They are used to connect
network segments and can also connect dissimilar physical
media, like coaxial cable and twisted pair or fiber.

• A Bridge can also connect an Ethernet network with a Token

Ring network.

• Bridges can filter traffic between network segments by

looking at the MAC address. The frame is forwarded if it is
not on the same network as the source MAC address.

• A bridge operates at Layer 2 in the OSI model.

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Other Terms and Definitions
Switch
• A switch is a high-speed multiport bridge that maintains a
bridging table with MAC addresses for the segments it
connects.

• A switch works at layer 2 of the OSI model.

• A switch can regenerate a signal but can also direct a

message to a specific node reducing collisions in an
Ethernet network.

• Switches are used more than hubs today.

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Other Terms and Definitions
Router
• The router is the device that forwards data packets from one
Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN) to
another.
• Routers connect networks running at different speeds and
using different protocols. i.e. Ethernet and Token Ring.
• Based on routing tables and routing protocols, routers read
the network address in each transmitted frame and make a
decision on how to send it based on the most expedient
route (traffic load, line costs, speed, bad lines, etc.).
• Routers operate at Layer 3 of the OSI model.
• Because routers can route based on the network portion of
the IP address, routers stop network broadcasts.
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Other Terms and Definitions
Brouter
• A brouter routes routable packets but acts as a bridge for
non-routable protocols.
• Brouters operate at Layers 2 and 3 of the OSI model.

Gateway
• A gateway is a networking device that translates information
between Internet protocols, like TCP/IP to IPX/SPX, or
dissimilar LANs, like a TCP/IP network to an SNA mainframe
network.
• Gateways operate at Layers 1-7 of the OSI model.

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Objectives Revisited
Explain the network concept

Explain how to connect to a network

Describe the OSI Model layers

Differentiate between Physical layer components

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Review

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