IMPURITIES IN WATER

Presented by:

WALEED SHAFIQ - SU-14-02-079-015

MUHAMMAD ATIFULLAH - SU-13-01-079-155

NASEER KHAN - SU-14-02-079-009

HASSAN RAZA KHAN - SU-13-01-079-157

 OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION

• TYPES OF IMPURITIES IN WATER

 IMPURITIES IN WATER
• Water is the universal solvent and in nature, it is
never totally pure.

• No matter how isolated it is from sources of

contamination, it will always have some chemicals.

• Gases or minerals in the air, soil, or rock are

dissolved by the water. These dissolved materials
give water its characteristics like taste, color etc.
 IMPURITIES IN WATER
• These materials mixed water when consumed by
human beings can cause various diseases.

• These dissolved materials in water are actually

called impurities.

• About 70% of all the diseases caused to human

beings are just because of these impurities.
 IMPURITIES IN WATER
• Some of the diseases caused by the impure water
are malaria, cholera, diarrhea, lead poisoning etc.

• Although water is nature’s most wonderful and

abundant compound but only less than 1% of the
world’s water resources are available for ready use.

• Water is treated by various methods when it is

required of any specific use. Hence it is required to
use it carefully and economically.
TYPES OF IMPURITIES
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
• There are basically 4 types of impurities in water
which are

I. Dissolved impurities
II. Suspended impurities
III. Living matter
IV. Gases
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
I . D I S S O LV E D I M P U R I T I E S :

Impurities that are soluble in water are called dissolved

impurities. These impurities are dissolved and can’t be
removed by simple screening/filtration. These impurities are
further divided in two categories:
A. Inorganic Salts
B. Organic matter
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Inorganic Salts:

A. Leaching of minerals and picking up of atmospheric CO2,

leading to hardness and alkalinity.
B. Fertilizer run-off, mostly nitrate(NO3) and sulphates(SO4).
C. Industrial discharges of all kinds, especially from metal
trades.
D. Salinity from sea water.

D I S S O LV E D I M P U R I T I E S
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Dissolved organic matter:

A. Natural impurities from decay of vegetable and animal

matter, leading to coloring material and humic acids
B. Domestic waste: biological decay products.
C. Industrial discharges from food production including fats,
oils.
D. Residues from pesticides and herbicides.

D I S S O LV E D I M P U R I T I E S
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
II. SUSPENDED IMPURITIES:

Impurities that aren’t soluble in water are called suspended

impurities. They normally cause turbidity. These impurities are
mostly in solid form and are simply treated by screening. These
impurities are further divided in three categories:
A. Colloidal suspended impurities.
B. Inorganic impurities.
C. Organic impurities.
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Colloidal Suspended Impurities:

Colloids are termed as the small particles in water that cant

even be seen with optical microscope. Their size ranges from
0.01 - 1 micron. These are present in water in the form of:
A. Inorganic colloids such as clay, silts & iron oxides.
B. Organic waste products(from vegetables & animals).
C. Components of sewage solids.

SUSPENDED IMPURITIES
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Inorganic Suspended Impurities:

The particles which aren’t produced from any vegetable/animal

wastes. These impurities include:

A. Natural materials like sands.

B. Rust from weak pipes.
C. Industrial wastage from coal washings, mining waste,
flue washings etc.

SUSPENDED IMPURITIES
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Organic Suspended Impurities:

The particles which are mainly formed by decay of vegetable

and dead animals. These impurities include:

A. Plants and animal particles.

B. Industrial and domestic wastes like fats, oils, solvents,
sewage solid wastes etc.

SUSPENDED IMPURITIES
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
I I I . L I V I N G M AT T E R :

• Biological contamination of water is caused by the presence of

living organisms in it.
• Mostly organisms use water as their breeding place.
• The health effects of using water contaminated with living things
may be severe but can easily be cured with modern day medicine.
• Living things are categorized in two groups;
A. Micro Organisms
B. Macro Organisms
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Micro Organisms:

• Contamination of water from micro organisms is caused by the

presence of algae, bacteria, protozoa, pathogens, microbes,
viruses, parasites and their eggs (cysts), etc. known collectively
known as micro organisms.

• Water tanks can sometimes be a breeding ground for microbes in

water.

L I V I N G M AT T E R
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
• The two most common micro organisms to contaminate water
sources are Giardia and Cryptosporidiosis.

• Chemical treatments are typically less effective against these

than boiling or filters.

L I V I N G M AT T E R
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
• Picture of gardia and cryptosporidiosis

L I V I N G M AT T E R
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
Macro Organisms:

• These are the living things which normally cant live outside of the
water.

• As they spend life in water, they eventually pollute it.

• These macro organisms are generally found in rivers and seas from
which usage of water for human’s use is very rare.

L I V I N G M AT T E R
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
• These macro organisms present in the water include;
A. Fish, worms, insect larvae, water lice etc. they breed in
large numbers where food is plentiful
B. Aquatic plants, floating and rooted.

L I V I N G M AT T E R
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
I V. G A S E S :

• Gases also effect the water’s purity.

• These impurities occur naturally in the water and it is very

difficult to effectively reduce the levels of these solutions within
contained water.

• The major gases targeting the purity of water are oxygen(O2) and
carbon dioxide(CO2).
 TYPES OF IMPURITIES
• O2 and CO2 occur in all natural waters and they cause mostly
because of corrosion in the pipelines.

• Some underground sources of water also contain H2S.

• NH3 can also result from biological decay and industrial discharge.

GASES