MODIFICATIONS IN

MODERN X-RAY TUBE IN;

CT SCAN,
MAMMOGRAPHY AND
DIGITAL SUBTRACT
ANGIOGRAPHY.
By group four (4)
 GROUP NAMES
NAMES STUDENT ID
BERNADETTE MKANDAWIRE 18901374
ELVIS M CHINKULI 18902325
CHIMFWEMBE ROBERT 18901512
KENNETH SIMFUKWE 18901457
CHAAMBWA MALAWO 18977090
MULANGA M VALENCIA 18902957
MBOYONGA NAOMI 18901389
LEAH MWANAKATWE 18902073
CEPHAS MWILA 18902405
AUSTINE SIMAPESE 18902185
BORNFACE NGOSA 18901580
MERCY NALWAMBA 18908969
DAVID LUNGU 18901452
GRACE PHIRI 18901450
MITI MOSES 18901405
JOSEPH MASAUKA 18901461
 INTRODUCTION
• Different modalities have different technical factors with various modes, or
make through which equipment are designed for body structure that have
structural changes in tissue density. In radiography, radiation is a tool through
which the body is seen. Radiation in radiology is produced in form pocket of
x-ray energy from an x-ray tube. This research aims at giving modified
information on the advancement and modifications made in various x-ray
tube in different imaging modalities
 MODIFICATION OF X-RAY IN CT SCAN
• X-ray tube used CT scan are modified to facilitate smooth production of x-
ray, reduce scatted radiation, improve image quality, with stand strain of
heat produced from cathode assembly etc.
location of the bearings outside the evacuated tube be cooledenables the
entire body to rotate rather than just the anode hence cooling the anode
efficiently.
 CONT..
 Ceramic insulator (AL oxide) are used to insulate high voltage parts of the x-ray tube
from metal envelop allowing more compact tube design
 Envelope – glass envelope are replace with modified Metal Ceramic tubes because
they:
• are smaller and more robust than their glass equivalents
• enable more flexibility in the electrical circuitry associated tubes
• offer tunes higher tube loading, reduce off focus radiation, allow high tube current.
 Modification have been induced in dealing with heat generation, storage, and
dissipation
• Anode assembly including anode rotation- anode made with large diameter and
coated with graphite hence allowing to absorb and dissipate large amount of heat
• Cathode assembly – bigger filament size, increased effective focal spot. Focal spot
size smaller (0.6mm)
• Target design – anode target is made 7 to 10 degrees to diminish heel effect
 MODIFICATION OF X-RAY IN MAMMOGRAPHY
The mammography x-ray tube is specifically designed for imaging of breast tissue. The
design of the x-ray tube is capable of producing high resolution and high contrast
images with moderate radiation exposure.
Introduction of the dual metal x-ray tube with dual track of molybdenum/ vanadium
and rhodium.
• Rhodium track produces a slightly higher x-ray spectrum for superior penetration of a
dense breast tissue in the younger women and those who have undergone radiation
treatment.
Tungsten dual track with a high emission flat emitter cathode with different k-edge
filters rhodium meant for normal and dense breast.
An increase in x-ray tube voltage from 25-30kv simultaneously replacing a rhodium
filter. The x-ray spectrum for a tungsten anode is clearly shifted in higher energy hence
advantageous for the radiography of large subject or dense breast
 Cathode: The cathode has a standard helical shaped tungsten filament in a focusing cup.
This single filament is used for both large and small focal spot seizes and it is called bias
focusing.
• Anode: Mammography tubes utilize a rotating anode to take advantage of tube loading.
This is of importance in mammography it allows the use of a higher mA to be used with
exposure time of 1second or less. The target angel of the anode is greater than the
conversational x-ray anode angel, mammography unit use a target angel of 22-24 degrees.
A tilted x-ray tube allows a narrower effective focal spot to be used thereby improving spatial
resolution.
• Focal spot sizes: mammographic x-ray tubes have two focal spot sizes, a large (0.3mm) focal
spot for routine mammography and small (0.1mm) focal spot for magnification
mammography. The effective focal spot is smaller than the actual focal spot because of the
line focus principle. The effective focal spot is smaller towards the anode or nipple side
because the anode is tilted.
• Heel effect: mammographic x-ray tubes are oriented with a cathode anode at right angle to
the chest wall, with the cathode at the chest wall side. This orientation produces an image
with a more uniform density because the heel effect produces a greater intensity at the
thicker chest wall and less intensity towards the nipple.
• Filtration: the port of the mammography x-ray tube is typically made of beryllium because it
has a lower atomic number which permits the x-ray photons to exit the tube. The total beam
filtration should not exceed 0.4mm aluminum equivalent. The purpose of the filter to remove
very high and low energy x-ray photons.
 MODIFICATION OF X-RAY IN DIGITAL SUBTRACT
ANGIOGRAPHY
 This is digital electronic technique which subtract two images that are obtained before
and after contrast media is administered to the patient for purpose of studying blood
vessels.
 ROTATING SCANS
• Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of rotational angiography significantly improved
the performance of DSA. It requires a flat-panel angiographic system with a motorized
rotating C-arm. The acquisition comprised of two rotational scans. The first one collects
subtraction masks, while the second scan acquires images during the passage of
contrast medium. Software reconstructions then enable
• extraction of bony structures, deletion of unnecessary vessels, and rotation and zooming
of the image, as well as differentiation between vascular contrast filling and vascular
devices.
• DUAL VOLUME RECONSTRUCTION
• DSA with single-volume reconstruction have image quality degraded by device-related
artifacts making recanalization difficult to detect and with difficulty in planning further
intervention . The dual-volume reconstruction technique was developed to reduce
artifacts and provide more details regarding the aneurysm, parent vessel, and side
branches as well as the used endovascular devices.
 CON..

 X-ray tube
• X-rays production
• X-ray image
 Image Intensifier
• To pick up and amplify the x-ray image.
 Light Aperture
• A light aperture is similar to those found on single-lens reflex cameras.
• It is placed behind the output phosphor of the image intensifier
• Function is to control the amount of light reaching the video camera for a given exposure
rate.
 Video Camera
• One of the most critical components in the imaging chain for the digital radiographic
system.
• The basic function is to produce an analogue electronic signal that is proportional to the
amount of light received by the target of the camera.
 CONCLUSION

The x-ray tube has been developed to suit a particular modality. This is to
conclude that each imaging modality has a slight difference in terms of
development. These x-ray tubes keeps been developed to improve the
quality of service offered by these modalities. The x-ray tube that was used
years ago is different from the one been used in our days, this is due to the
fact many discoveries has been done in the recent year in the design of
these x-ray thus giving excellence diagnosis culture
 REFERENCES
• Bushong S.C, 2017, Radiological Science For Technologists, physics, biology
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• Holmes K, Elkington M, 2013, Clark’s essential physics in imaging for
radiographers, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
• Huda W & Abraham R.B (2015), Radiographic, contrast, noise and in x-ray
imaging, American Journal of Radiography
• Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology, 5th ed.
• David Sutton’S text book of radiology and imaging