COURSE OUTCOMES OF

MICROPROCESSOR AND PROGRAMMING

Describe the architecture and organization of

C404.1 microprocessor along with instruction set format.

Describe modes and functional block diagram of 8086

C404.2 along with pins and their functions

C404.3 List and describe memory and addressing modes

List, describe and use different types of instructions,

C404.4 directives and interrupts

Develop assembly language programs using various

C404.5 programming tools.

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Instruction set of 8086 microprocessor

CHAPTER 3
Basic of 8086

 It has 32 addressing modes.

 It has 1 million instruction. From that 117 is basic
instruction.
 The instruction length is not fixed
 The 8086 provides 8 bit and 16 bit instruction
Addressing modes of 8086
 Addressing modes indicates a way of locating data
 Depending upon the data type used in the instruction &
memory addressing modes any instruction may belong
to one or more addressing modes
 According to the flow of instruction execution
instruction categorized as
1) sequential control flow instruction
2) control transfer instruction
-Sequential control flow instruction are the instruction which
after execution ,transfer the control to the next instruction
appearing immediately after it in the program e.g the
arithmetic , logical , data transfer and process control
instruction.
-The control transfer instruction transfer the control
predefined address of the memory somehow specified in the
instruction after their execution e.g : INT ,CALL , JMP
,RET etc
Immediate addressing modes
 In this mode the immediate data is the part of the
instruction and appear in the form of byte
 So immediate data may be 8 bit or 16 bit in length.
 Immediate data can be accessed quickly as they are
available in an instruction queue. Hence no extra bus
cycle is required.
 E.g: Mov AL,46H = AL is loaded with 8 bit immediate
data 46H
 Mov BX,1234H=BX is loaded with 16 bit immediate
data 1234H.
Direct addressing mode
 In this mode a 16 bit memory address of operand is
directly specified in the instruction as a part of it.
 The offset of displacement may be 8 bit or 16 bit which
follow the instruction op-code
 The physical address is calculated by adding the offset
to the base segment register i.e cs ,ds, es, ss
 E.g: Mov AL,[3000H]= AL will be loaded with the
content of memory location whose offset is 3000H
Register addressing mode
 In this mode the data is stored in a register and it is
referred using the particular register.
 Register is source or destination.
 The instruction of this mode is compact and faster in
execution
 Register are 8bit or 16 bit
 E.g: mov AX,CX= copies the contents of CX to AX
Register indirect addressing mode
 In this mode ,the address of the memory location that
contain data is determined in an indirect way ,using
offset register such as BX ,SI ,DI register.
 The default segment register is either DS , ES
 If BP is used then SS is default segment register.
 E.g: MOV AX,[BX] = copies the content of memory
location whose offset is in BX register
Register relative addressing mode

 In this mode the data is available at an effective formed

by adding 8 bits or 16 bits displacement with contents of
any one of the register such as BX,BP,SI or DI in the
default DS and ES segment.
 E.g:= MOV AX,50[BX]= copies the word from memory
location whose offset will be calculated by adding the
content 50 with the content of BX register
Base indexed addressing mode

 In this mode the effective address of data is formed by

adding the content of a base register BX or BP to the
content of an index register SI or DI with default
segment DS and ES
 E.g: MOV AX,[BX][SI]= copies the word from memory
location whose offset is calculated by adding the content
of BX with content of SI
 Relative base indexed addressing mode

 In this mode the effective address of data is calculated by

adding the 8 bit or 16 bit displacement with the sum of
base register BX or BP and SI or DI register in the default
segment DS and Es
 E.g: MOV AX,60[BX][SI]=copies word from memory
location whose offset is calculated by adding the 60H with
the content of BX and SI
Instruction set of 8086
 Data transfer /copy instructions
 Arithmetic &logical instructions
 Brach instructions
 Loop instructions
 Machine control instructions
 Flag manipulation instructions
 Shift and rotate instructions
 String instructions
Data transfer/copy instructions

 These types of instruction used to transfer data from

source operand to destination operand.
 All the store,move,load,exchange,input & output
instruction come in this category
Mov destination, source
 Syntax: Mov destination,source
 Operation: destination source
 The mov instruction copies a word(16 bit) or byte(8 bit) of data
from a specified source to a specified destination
 The destination can be a register or a memory location.
 The source can be a register or memory location or immediate
number.
 The source &destination both can not be memory location at one
time.
 The source &destination in a mov instruction must be of type byte
or they must both be of type word. It can not affect any flag.
 E.g: mov cx,037H= put an immediate no 037h in cx
mov ax,bx = copy contents of bx into ax
 PUSH-push to stack
 Syntax: PUSH source
 Operation: SPSP-2
SS:[SP]higher byte of source
SS:[SP-1]lower byte of source
-The push instruction decrements the stack pointer by 2 & copies a
word from source to the location in the stack segment where the
stack pointer pointes
-The source of the word can be a general-purpose register or memory
-out of 2 decremented stack address the higher byte occupies the higher
address & the lower byte occupies the lower address.
e.g: PUSH BX= decrement sp by 2 ,copy BX to stack i.e content of BH
register to higher address of stack & BL register to lower address of
stack
POP-pop from stack
 Syntax: pop destination
 Operation:
Lower byte of destinationSS:[SP]
Higher byte of destinationSS:[SP+1]
SPSP+2
- The pop instruction copies a word from stack location
pointed by the stack pointer to a destination specified in
the instruction.
- The destination can be a general-purpose register,segment
register or memory location
- The data in the stack is not changed .After the word is
copied to the specified destination,the stack pointer is
automatically incremented by 2 to point the next word on
the stack
- E.g:
1) POP DX= copy a word from top of stack to DX, sp=sp+2
i.e content of [sp] to
DL register and content of [sp+1] to DH regsiter.
2) POP DS = copy a word from top of the stack to DS
register sp=sp+2
3) POP [8000] = copy a word from top of stack to memory
loction 8000h and 8001h
 XCHG-Exchange
 Syntax: XCHG destination,source
 Operation: destination ,source
 This instruction exchanges the contents of a register with the
contents of another register
 The instruction can not directly exchange the contents of two
memory location.
 A memory location can be specified as the source or destination by
any of 24 addressing modes
 The source and destination both be word or byte
 The segment register cannot be used in the instruction.
 E.g: XCHG AX,BX= exchange the word in AX with word
in BX
XCHG BL,CH= exchange the byte in BL with byte in
CH
 IN-input data from a port
 Syntax: IN accumulator,port
 Operation:
AL [port address] for byte
AL[port address]
AH[port address +1] for word
-The IN instruction copies data from a port to destination
which may be AL or AX
The address of the port can be specified in the instruction
directly or indirectly.
- For the fixed port type the 8 bit address of a port is specified directly
in the instruction
- For variable port type the 16 bit address of a port is specified in DX
register only.
- DX register must always be loaded with the 16 bit port address before
the IN instruction
- E.g:
IN fixed port type:
1) IN AL,80H= Input a byte from port whose address is 80H
2) IN AX,80H= Input a word from port whose address is 80H
In variable port type:
1) MOV DX,8000H= initalize DX to point port with port address
2) IN AL,DX= input a byte from 8 bit port whose address is in DX to AL
OUT- output data to a port
 Syntax: OUT port,accumulator
 Operation:
[port]AL for byte
[port+1]AH for word
- This instruction is used for writing to an output port.
- The OUT instruction copies a byte from AL or from AX
to specified port
- The address of the port is specified in the instruction
directly or indirectly
-For the fixed port type the 8 bit address of a port is
specified directly in the instruction.
-For variable port type the 16 bit address of a port is
specified in DX register
-DX register must always be loaded with the 16 bit port
address before the OUT instruction.
-E.g: 1) OUT AX,AL = copy the content of AL to port 80H
2) MOV DX, 6000H= initalize DX with 16 bit port address
3) OUT DX,AL= copy the contents of AL to port.
LEA-load effective address
 Syntax: LEA register ,source
 Operation:
16 bit registereffective address of memory location.
-this instruction determines the offset of the variable or
memory location names as the source and loads this
offset in the specified 16 bit register.
E.g: LEA BX,ARRAY= load BX with the offset of variable
ARRAY.
 LDS/LES-load register & DS/ES with
words from memory
 Syntax: LDS/LES register,memory address of first word.
 Operation:
For LDS: 16 bit register—[memory address]
DS—[memory address+2]

For LES: 16 bit register—[memory address]

ES– [memory address +]
This instruction loads new values into specified register &
add into DS/ES register from four successive memory
location.
It then copies a word from next two consecutive memory
location into the DS register.
E.g:
1) LDS BX,[1234H]= copy the contents of memory location
1234H in BL, contents of 1235H to BH and the content of
1236H &1237H in ES register.
LAHF-copy low byte of flag register to
AH
 Syntax: LAHF
 Operation: AHlower byte of flag register
 This instruction loads the AH register with the lower
byte of the flag register.
 This instruction may be used to observe the status of all
the condition flags
 The lower byte of 8086 flag register is same as the flag
byte of the 8085
SAHF-store AH register to lower byte
of flag register
 Syntax: SAHF
 Operation:
lower byte of flag registerAH
- This instruction copies the contents of AH register to the
lower byte of 8086 flag register
- This instruction set or reset the condition code flag in a
lower byte of the flag register depending upon bit
position in AH
- If a bit in AH is 1 the flag corrpossponding to bit
position is set else reset
PUSHF
 This instruction decrements the stack pointer by two and
copies the word in the flag register to the memory
location pointed by the stack register
 E.g: PUSHF
POPF
 This instruction cpoies a word from the memory location
at the top of stack to the flag register and incrment stack
pointer by two
 E.g: POPF
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