INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

IKA MURTI
HISTOLOGI-FK UNSOED
INTEGUMENT/SKIN

• the largest single

organ of the body
• typically accounting
for 15–20% of total
body weight
• presenting 1.5–2 m2
of surface to the
external environment
Functions
• Protective
• Sensory
• Thermoregulatory
• Metabolic
• Sexual signaling
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Cutaneous membrane
Epidermis – epithelial tissue
Dermis – connective tissue
Accessory Structures
Glands
Hair (hair follicles)
Nails
Deep to skin – not part of skin:
Hypodermis = subcutaneous (subQ)
Layers and appendages of skin
Overview of Epidermis
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Contains no blood vessels
 4 types of cells
 5 distinct strata (layers) of cells
 Based on epidermis layer  skin divided into 2
class : thin and thick skin
 Thick and Thin Skin
 Thick skin  Thin skin
– Has all 5 epithelial – More flexible than thick
strata skin
– Found in areas subject – Covers rest of body,
to pressure or friction everywhere else
 Palms of hands, – lacks Stratum lucidum
fingertips, soles of – Hair folicles, Sebaceous
feet glands
– Fingerprints and – Sparser sensory receptors
footprints. – Lacks epidermal ridges
– Papillae of underlying
dermis in parallel rows
Comparison of thick skin and thin skin
Layers (strata) of epidermis in thick skin
 Stratum Corneum (5)
 25 to 30 layers of flat dead
cells filled with keratin and
surrounded by lipids
 Continuously shed
 Keratinization
(cornification) : formation
of layers of cells filled with
keratin
 Barrier to light, heat, water,
chemicals & bacteria
 Friction stimulates callus
formation
 Stratum Lucidum (4)
 Seen in thick skin on
palms & soles of feet
 Three to five layers of
clear, flat, dead cells
and filled with
keratin
 Stratum Granulosum
 3 - 5 layers of flat dying cells
 Show nuclear degeneration
 Contain dark-staining
keratohyalin granules and
keratin
 keratin fibers develop  cells
become thinner and flatter
 Cell membranes thicken and
become less permeable
 Keratohyalin forms dense
granules in the cytoplasm 
promote the dehydration of the
cell  nuclei and other
organelles then disintegrate 
the cells die
 Contain lamellar granules that
release lipid that repels water
 Stratum Spinosum
 8 to 10 cell layers held
together by
desmosomes
 During slide
preparation, cells shrink
and look spiny
 Melanin taken in by
phagocytosis from
nearby melanocytes
 Stratum Basale
 Deepest layer
 single layer cells resting on
basement membrane
attached to underlying dermis
 Called stratum germinativum
 Combination of merkel cells,
melanocytes, keratinocytes &
stem cells that divide
repeatedly
 Forms epidermal ridges 
increasing the area of contact
between the two regions
 Epithelium:
layers (on left) and cell types (on right)
Cell types of the Epidermis
 Keratinocytes--90%
 produce keratin
 Melanocytes-----8 %
 produces melanin pigment
 melanin transferred to
other cells with long cell
processes
 Langerhan cells
 from bone marrow
 provide immunity
 Merkel cells
 in deepest layer
 form touch receptor with
sensory neuron
Epidermal Layers and Keratinization
What is cause skin color ?
 Skin color
Epidermal Pigmentation
 Carotene: orange-yellow pigment
 accumulates stratum corneum + fatty tissues in the
dermis
 Carotene  vitamin A
 the normal maintenance of epithelia
 the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye
 Melanin: a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment
 produced by melanocytes in the stratum
germinativum
 is packaged in intracellular vesicles called melanosomes
 transferred intact to keratinocytes
 Skin color
 Hemoglobin
- Red coloring from blood cells
in dermal capillaries
- Oxygent content determines
the extent of red coloring
- If other pigment are not
present, epidermis is
translucent so pinkness will be
evident
The large clear cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes (A) that synthesize
melanin and package it in membrane-bound structures called melanosomes, which
are transported to the peripheral cytoplasm of the dendritic processes of the
melanocytes. Pieces of the dendritic cytoplasm are pinched off from the cell and
taken up by the keratinocytes (B). In this image, some of the cells in the stratum
spinosum show the presence of melanin in their cytoplasm
Melanocytes and
their function

Melanocytes are located

among the cells of the
stratum basale, although
they may also reside in the
superficial portions of the
dermis
 CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
 Ultraviolet light darkens the
melanin and speeds tyrosinase
synthesis, thus increasing
melanin production
 Also, pituitary ACTH influences
pigmentation.
 In Addison's disease there is
insufficient production of
cortisol by the adrenal cortex so
excess ACTH is produced, which
leads to hyperpigmentation
 CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
 Albinism is the absence of
melanin production resulting Albinism
from a genetic defect in
tyrosinase synthesis.
 Melanosomes are present but
the melanocytes fail to
produce tyrosinase
 The degeneration and
disappearance of entire
melanocytes causes a patchy
loss of pigment in the skin
disorder called vitiligo
next …
DERMIS
 Dermis (Corium)
 Connective tissue layer
composed of collagen &
elastic fibers, fibroblasts,
macrophages & fat cells
 Contains hair follicles,
glands, nerves & blood
vessels
 Major regions of dermis
 papillary region
 reticular region
Dermis layers
 Papillary Region
 Top 20% of dermis
 Composed of loose CT & elastic fibers
 Finger like projections called dermal papillae
 Functions
 anchors epidermis to dermis
 contains capillaries that feed epidermis
 contains Meissner’s corpuscles (touch) & free nerve
endings (pain and temperature)
 Reticular Region
 Dense irregular connective tissue
 Contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
 Packed with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, fat & hair
follicles
 Provides strength, extensibility & elasticity to skin
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis
 DERMAL CIRCULATION & INNERVATION
Circulation:
 Cutaneous plexus : network in the subcutaneous layer
 Supply :
 adipose tissues of the subcutaneous layer
 hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures in the dermis
 reaching the papillary layer  papillary plexus
Innervation:
 control blood flow, gland secretion rates, and sensory receptors
 Merkel's discs
 Meissner‘s corpuscles
 Pacinian corpuscles, in the reticular layer
 Dermal Circulation
 Blood contains red blood cells filled
with hemoglobin (Hb)
 Hemoglobin binds to oxygen bright
red  reddish skin
 Circulatory supply is reduced
temporarily pale
 Sustained reduction in circulatory
supply  tissue oxygen levels decline
Hb releases oxygen  darker red 
bluish coloration (cyanosis)
cyanosis
 most apparent in areas of thin skin
 extreme cold
 circulatory or respiratory disorders
 Hypodermis
 subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia
 Mostly adipose tissue (some areolar)
 Obesity due to accumulation of subcutaneous fat
 About 8% thicker in women than men
 Functions:
 Binds skin to underlying tissue
 Energy reservoir (fat)
 Thermal insulation
 Padding/cushioning
 Hypodermic injections (subQ)
 Highly vascular
What Else Comes from the Epidermis?

 Glands
 Hair
 Nails
Glands of the Skin
Specialized exocrine glands found in dermis
 Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Sudiferous (sweat) glands
 Ceruminous (wax) glands
 Mammary (milk) glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Holocrine glands
 Secretory portion in the dermis
 Most open onto hair shafts
 Sebum
 combination of cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts
 keeps hair and skin from soft & pliable
 inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi
 Acne
 bacterial inflammation of glands
 secretions stimulated by hormones at puberty
Sebaceous follicles are located on the face, back,
chest, nipples, and male sex organs
The lightly stained sebaceous gland (arrow) is closely associated
with a hair follicle and appears to surround the shaft and follicle
 Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
 Widely distributed on body
 Sweat is a filtrate of plasma and some waste products
 Two major types
 Merocrine or eccrine. Most common.
 Open directly onto surface of skin. Have own pores.
 Coiled part in dermis, duct exiting through epidermis.
 Numerous in palms and soles. Absent from margin of lips,
labia minora, tips of penis, and clitoris.
 Apocrine glands produce sweat containing fatty acids
 Confined to axillae, genitalia (external labia, scrotum),
around anus.
 Respond to stress and sex
 Secretion: organic compounds that are odorless but, when
acted upon by bacteria, may become odiferous
In the dermis of the axilla, in the areola and nipple of mammary glands, and in the
perineal region are modified glands known as apocrine sweat glands (arrow)
Eccrine sweat
glands
Light micrograph of
sweat gland showing
secretory units (S) and
ducts (d), some displaying
a lumen (L) (×132).
Other glands
 mammary glands of the breasts
 apocrine sweat glands
 Ceruminous glands
 modified sweat glands in the passageway of the external
ear
 Cerumen : combine sebaceous + sweat gland
 Ear wax, together with tiny hairs along the ear canal, helps
trap foreign particles or small insects and keeps them from
reaching the eardrum
 HAIR
 Epidermal derivatives, composed of hard keratin
 Hair found almost everywhere
 Lacking on soles, palms, toes, fingers, lips, nipples,
parts of ext. genitalia, distal segment of fingers
 75% of the 2.5 million are on body surface, not head
 different body hair types :
 Lanugo -- fine, unpigmented fetal hair
 Vellus -- fine, unpigmented hair of children and
women
 Terminal hair -- coarser, longer, pigmented hair of
scalp, eyebrows, axillary, and pubic regions
 Structure of Hair and Follicle
 Hair is filament of keratinized cells; 3 zones
 Bulb - swelling at base in dermis
 Root - remainder of hair with follicle
 Shaft - exposed portion above skin surface
 In cross section
 Medulla
 Cortex (bulk of hair) - densely packed keratinized
cells
 Cuticle (surface of hair) - single layer of scaly cells
 Follicle - an diagonal tube
within the skin
 Inner layer is an extension of
the epidermis : cuticle,
Huxley, Henle
 Outer layer derived from
dermis
 Nerve fibers (hair receptors)
encirlce follicle; detect
motion
 Arrector pili muscles
stimulate piloerection
 bulb is where hair originates
 vascular tissue (papilla) in
bulb provides nutrients
The hair follicle
Cross section of follicle
 Hair Production
 Hair matrix
 Basal cells of hair matrix divide producing daughter
cells that are gradually pushed toward the surface form
medulla and cortex  daughter cells are pushed toward
the skin surface  hair gets longer
 Keratinization is completed by the time these cells
approach the surface  the cells of the medulla and
cortex are dead form the cuticle
Growth and Replacement of Hair
 Hair growth cycle
 Scalp hair : 2-5 years, at a rate 0.33 mm per day
 cells of the hair root absorb nutrients and incorporate
them into the hair structure
 the root is firmly attached to the matrix
 At the end of the growth cycle : follicle becomes inactive
 smaller  connections between the hair matrix and
the hair root break down
 Another cycle begins : follicle produces a new hair; and
the old hair is pushed to the surface and is shed
Phases of hair growth
Where does hair color come from ?
Hair Color
 Result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb
 Eumelanin pigment gives hair its black to brown hues
 Phelomelanin provides hair colors from reds to
blondes
 Dark hair contains true melanin
 Blond and red hair contain melanin with iron and
sulfur added
 Graying hair is result of decline in melanin production
 White hair has air bubbles in the medullary shaft
Brown/Black hair Blonde Hair Red Hair

Eumelanin Pheomelanin and little Pheomelanin and

eumelanin little eumelanin
 Nails
 Derivative of stratum corneum
 densely packed cells filled
with hard keratin
 Flat nails allow for fleshy,
sensitive fingertips
 Growth rate is 1 mm per week
 new cells added by mitosis in
the nail matrix
 nail plate is visible part of nail
 Structure of Nails
 Tightly packed keratinized
cells
 Nail body
 visible portion pink due to
underlying capillaries
 free edge appears white
 Nail root
 buried under skin layers
 lunula is white due to thickened
stratum basale
 Cuticle
 stratum corneum layer
At higher magnification, the following structures can be identified beginning
at the upper right part of the field and concluding at the lower left edge: the
stratified squamous epithelium of the eponychium and nail fold (A); the nail
plate (B) which is split by an artifactual separation of its tissue; the nail bed,
(C) with its basal layer of stem cells; and the dermis (D).
Aging and integumentary system
 Clinical corelation
 Burns
 Threat to life
 Catastrophic loss of body fluids
 Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock
 Infection
 Types
 First degree – epidermis: redness (e.g. sunburn)
 Second degree – epidermis and upper dermis: blister
 Third degree - full thickness

 Infections
 Skin cancer
 Degrees of Burn Injuries Full-thickness burns
Partial-thickness burns

(a) First degree (b) Second degree (c) Third degree

Epidermal Wound Healing

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 75

Deep Wound Healing

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 76

TERIMAKASIH