The Blood

Presented by:
Dr. GINA F. PARDILLA
 Blood

 The only fluid tissue in the human body

 Classified as a connective tissue
 Living cells = formed elements
 Non-living matrix = plasma

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.1a
 Physical Characteristics of Blood

 Color range
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
 pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
 Blood temperature is slightly higher
than body temperature

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.2
 Blood Plasma
 Composed of approximately 90
percent water
 Includes many dissolved substances
 Nutrients
 Salts (metal ions)
 Respiratory gases
 Hormones
 Proteins
 Waste products
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.3
 Plasma Proteins
 Albumin – regulates osmotic
pressure
 Clotting proteins – help to stem
blood loss when a blood vessel is
injured
 Antibodies – help protect the body
from antigens

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.4
 Formed Elements

 Erythrocytes = red blood cells

 Leukocytes = white blood cells
 Platelets = cell fragments

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.5a
Erythrocytes

 Transport oxygen bound to their

hemoglobin; lifespan of 100-120
days (4-6 million/mm3)
 Also transports small amount of
Carbon dioxide
Leukocytes

 Amoeboid cells for protection

 Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granulocytes

 Neutrophils – active
phagocytes; acute infections
 Eosinophils – allergic attacks;
kills parasitic worms
 Basophils – contains histamine
Agranulocytes

 Monocytes – macrophages;
long-term “clean-up” team
 Lymphocytes – immunity
– T lymphocytes: cell-mediated
immunity
– B lymphocytes: humoral
immunity; antibody production
Thrombocytes

 Platelets
 For clotting
 (250,000-500,000/ mm3)
 Hematopoiesis
 Hematocytoblast differentiates into
Lymphoid stem cells and Myeloid
stem cells
 Lymphoid stem cell will produce
Lymphocytes
 Myeloid stem will give rise to the
rest
* Erythropoiesis – controlled by
erythropoietin from kidney as a
response to reduced blood O2 level
 Figure 10.5

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.17
 Hemostasis

 Stoppage of blood flow

 Result of a break in a blood vessel
 Hemostasis involves three phases
 Platelet plug formation
 Vascular spasms
 Coagulation

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.18
 Platelet Plug Formation

 Platelets become “sticky” and

attract more platelets

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.19
 Vascular Spasms

 Anchored platelets release

serotonin causing vasoconstriction
 Narrowing the blood vessel,
decreases blood loss

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.20
 Coagulation
 Injured tissues release Tissue
Factor (TF)
 PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with
TF, Vitamin K and calcium to
trigger the clotting cascade
 Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin (an
enzyme)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.21a
 Coagulation

 Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins

into hair-like fibrin
 Fibrin forms a meshwork
(the basis for a clot)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.21b
Fibrin Clot

Figure 10.7
 Blood Clotting

 Blood usually clots within 3 to 6

minutes
 The clot remains as endothelium
regenerates
 The clot is broken down after tissue
repair

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.22
 Undesirable Clotting

 Thrombus
 A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
 Can be deadly in areas like the heart
 Embolus
 A thrombus that breaks away and
floats freely in the bloodstream
 Can later clog vessels in critical areas
such as the brain
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.23
Blood Groups

 Blood groups are classified on

the basis of proteins (antigens)
on RBC membranes
 ABO blood groups
– A, B, O, AB
 Rh blood groups
– Rh positive and Rh negative
 ABO Blood Groups

 Based on the presence or absence

of two antigens
 Type A
 Type B
 The lack of these antigens is called
type O

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.27a
 ABO Blood Groups

 The presence of both A and B is

called type AB
 The presence of either A or B is
called types A and B, respectively

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.27b
 Rh Blood Groups

 Named because of the presence or

absence of one of eight Rh
antigens (agglutinogen D)
 Problems can occur in mixing Rh+
blood into a body with Rh– blood

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.28
 Rh Dangers During Pregnancy

 Danger is only when the mother is

Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the
child inherits the Rh+ factor

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.29a
Common Hematologic Dses

 Thrombocytopenia – low
platelet
 Hemophilia – hereditary lack of
clotting factors
 Anemia – decrease in oxygen
carrying capacity of blood
 Polycythemia – excessive RBC’s
 Leukemia – excessive
leukocytosis (immature WBCs)
 THANK YOU!

References:
Marieb, Elaine N., RN, Ph. D, Essentials
of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7th ed,
2003
http://faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/