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• Augustinian monk
• Interested in investigating how individual traits
were inherited
• Wanted to find out whether both parents
contributed equally to the traits of the offspring
• Wanted to know if the traits present in an
offspring were produced by the blending of the
traits of the parents
• Garden pea plant
• Parental or P1 Generation – composed of pure-breeding peas
• F1 or first filial Generation (hybrids) – resulted from a cross between
two pure-breeding plants with contrasting traits.
Self-pollination of F1 Generation
• There is a factor in
plants which
controlled the
appearance of the
trait.
• GENES
• Since two alternative expressions of a trait (round, wrinkled), he
hypothesized that traits were controlled by a pair of genes called
alleles.
• Dominant trait – trait that dominates
• Recessive trait –
• Principle of dominance -
Law of Segregation
• It states that two alleles for the
same trait separate during the RR
gamete formation.
• Example:
Round – RR
Wrinkled - rr R R
Genes and Gametes
• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an
organism; the gene (or allele) combination of
an organism has.
• Example: pure-breed round seed pea has RR
genotype, while rr genotype for wrinkled seed
• Identical alleles: (RR, rr) – homozygous genotype
• Contrasting alleles: (Rr) – heterozygous genotype
1. DD x Dd
1. DD x dd
1. Dd x Dd
1. Dd x dd
1. dd x dd
Diagramming a Cross (Y- green y- yellow)
Cross Genotypic Ratio Phenotypic Ratio
1. Yy x Yy
2. Yy x yy
3. yy x yy
4. YY x YY
5. YY x Yy
6. YY x yy
Dihybrid Cross
• Involves two pairs of factors
• A cross between individuals that involve
two heterozygous pairs of genes is called
dihybrid cross.
• RRYY (round, yellow seeds) x rryy
(wrinkled, green seeds) = RrYy dominant
• Since each pair will segregate during
formation of gametes, according to the
Law of Segregation, each dihybrid wiil
produce four different types of gametes
with ¼ probability each.
Punnett Square for dihybrid cross
¼ RY ¼ Ry ¼ rY ¼ ry