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Gregor Mendel

• Augustinian monk
• Interested in investigating how individual traits
were inherited
• Wanted to find out whether both parents
contributed equally to the traits of the offspring
• Wanted to know if the traits present in an
offspring were produced by the blending of the
traits of the parents
• Garden pea plant
• Parental or P1 Generation – composed of pure-breeding peas
• F1 or first filial Generation (hybrids) – resulted from a cross between
two pure-breeding plants with contrasting traits.
Self-pollination of F1 Generation

• There is a factor in
plants which
controlled the
appearance of the
trait.
• GENES
• Since two alternative expressions of a trait (round, wrinkled), he
hypothesized that traits were controlled by a pair of genes called
alleles.
• Dominant trait – trait that dominates
• Recessive trait –
• Principle of dominance -
Law of Segregation
• It states that two alleles for the
same trait separate during the RR
gamete formation.
• Example:
Round – RR
Wrinkled - rr R R
Genes and Gametes
• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an
organism; the gene (or allele) combination of
an organism has.
• Example: pure-breed round seed pea has RR
genotype, while rr genotype for wrinkled seed
• Identical alleles: (RR, rr) – homozygous genotype
• Contrasting alleles: (Rr) – heterozygous genotype

• Phenotype – the physical


characteristics of an organism; the
way the organism looks
• Example: curly hair, straight hair, blue
eyes, tall, round or wrinkled seed
Knowing the Genotype
1. Self-fertilization Technique
- always produce pure-breeding plants
- Homozygotes are pure-breeding.
- Heterozygotes produce two kinds of offspring; three out of four
offspring show the dominant trait and one out of four excessive the
recessive trait.
Knowing the Genotype
2. Test-cross technique
Diagramming a Cross
• Mendel’s crosses can be recorded in a chart called a Punnett square.
Diagramming a Cross
Cross Genotypic Ratio Phenotypic Ratio

1. DD x DD 100 % DD 100 % dominant

1. DD x Dd

1. DD x dd

1. Dd x Dd

1. Dd x dd

1. dd x dd
Diagramming a Cross (Y- green y- yellow)
Cross Genotypic Ratio Phenotypic Ratio

1. Yy x Yy

2. Yy x yy

3. yy x yy

4. YY x YY

5. YY x Yy

6. YY x yy
Dihybrid Cross
• Involves two pairs of factors
• A cross between individuals that involve
two heterozygous pairs of genes is called
dihybrid cross.
• RRYY (round, yellow seeds) x rryy
(wrinkled, green seeds) = RrYy dominant
• Since each pair will segregate during
formation of gametes, according to the
Law of Segregation, each dihybrid wiil
produce four different types of gametes
with ¼ probability each.
Punnett Square for dihybrid cross
¼ RY ¼ Ry ¼ rY ¼ ry

¼ RY 1/16 G:RRYY 1/16 G:RRYy 1/16 G:RrYY 1/16 G: RrYy


P:round, green P: round, green P: round, green P: round, green

¼ Ry 1/16 G: RRYy 1/16 G: RRyy 1/16 G: RryY 1/16 G: Rryy


P: round, green P: round, P: round, green P: round,
yellow yell0w
¼ rY 1/16 G: rRYY 1/16 G: rRYy 1/16 G: rrYY 1/16 G:rrYy
P: round, green P: round, green P: wrinked, P: wrinkled,
green green
¼ ry 1/16 G: rRyY 1/16 G: rRyy 1/16 G: rryY 1/16 G: rryy
P: round, green P:round, yellow P:wrinkled, Wrinkled,
green yellow
Law of Independent Assortment
• Each pair of alleles (different characteristics) segregate
independently.
• Applies to factors ( or genes) that are found on separate
chromosomes
• If they are on the separate chromosomes, the segregation of
one pair of factors is not affected by the segregation of the
other pair.
Law of Independent Assortment
1866
Birth of the
Gregor Mendel
Science of
1900
published his
experimental
Biologist only paid Genetics
little attention Rediscovered by: • The world came to know
results
Remained Karl Correns, Hugo the benefit from
unnoticed for how de Vries, Erich Mendel’s findings
many years Seysenegg
• Gregor Mendel – Father
of Genetics
What’s the difference?
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance

• Are all traits controlled by a dominant or recessive trait?


• What about traits that have more than two phenotypes?
• Do they still follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance?
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance
1. Incomplete Dominance
• Offspring will have a phenotype
intermediate between the phenotype
of both parents.
• Neither of the two alleles are
dominant and the heterozygous will
be a new phenotype.

• Pure red-flowered plant is crossed with a pure


white-flowered plant, the offspring will
produce neither red nor white.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance
2.Codominance
• One allele is not dominant over the other.
• Resulting heterozygotes exhibit the traits of
both parents
• Example: blood type AB
Codominance
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance
• Multiple Alleles
• Even if only two alleles control a trait, actual= more
than two types of alleles available
• Lead to more than phenotypes expressed
• Example: blood type ABO
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance
• Multiple Alleles
• Humans can have red blood cells that are of type A (IA),
type B (IB), or type O (i).
• Type A blood is a combination of either two A alleles
(IA IA) or one A allele and one O allele (IAi).
• Similarly, type B blood is coded for by either two B
alleles (IB IB) or one B allele and one O allele (IBi).
• Type O blood can only be obtained with two recessive
O alleles (ii).
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