By:

ENCARNACION S. SORIANO
Regional Manager
NIA Caraga
CANAL SYSTEM
• Canal – used to convey water from the
headworks down to the main farmditches,
sub-farmditches etc. Its design capacities
varies depending on the amount of water
to be distributed for a certain area. Its size
is determined by the maximum water
demand with the following considerations:
 Locations of Canals

• Erosion Resistance
• Slide Slope Stability
• Hydraulic Efficiency
• Operational Flexibility
• Economics
 Types of Irrigation Canals

• Furrow Irrigation – water is distributed to each

and every furrow directly.
• Sprinkler Irrigation – water is applied by
means of a hose and sprinkler which is usually
from the overhead.
• Drip Irrigation – water is distributed thru hose
with holes wherein water application is
regulated by means of this holes.
• Sub-surface Irrigation – water is distributed
through pipelines with perforation.
• Surface Irrigation – water is distributed through
canal network in an open channel.
 Different kinds of Canals

• Earth Canals – the soil is just excavated

depending on the required size of opening
from its design discharge requirement. This is
the most economical, however, maintenance
seems to be a problem as it is being used.
• Concrete Lined Canals – this is the kind of
canal that is being constructed of which soil is
excavated to its required size and then
concreted. This is actually giving a lesser
problem in its operation and maintenance
however, the cost is quite high.
CANAL PLAN-PROFILES

1. Alignment of canal shall be traced from the irrigation and drainage

networks for consistency.

2. To be traced on the plan are those enumerated on item 2 above except

items 2.b when it is more than 2.5 km. away from the water
source, 2.g, 2.l, 2.n and 2.o.

3. Additional data to be indicated on the plan are as follows:

a. Stationary every 200 m.

b. Point Intersection (PI) and Point of tangency (PT) for

new canals.

c. Tabulated traverse line with coordinates and distance

for new canals.
4. Scale of the profile should be 1:4000 horizontal and 1:100 vertical.

5. The profile should indicate the following:

a. Natural ground for new canal. The ground level on profile should tally
with contour line level on the plan.

b. Stationary every 200 meters.

c. For existing canal, it should be indicate, the existing grade lines of the
left top right top bank including the existing canal bottom grade line.

d. Location of canal structures including turn-outs indicating the stationing,

type of structures and the design levels at the inlet and outlet.

e. Grade lines for the designed CB, WS, and Top Bank.

f. Tabulated canal elements from structure to structure.

g. Representative cross-sections for canal on deep cut, canal on-fill and

canal on side hill.

h. Details of canal lining if any.

TYPICAL SECTION OF CANAL
TYPICAL SECTION OF CANAL
TYPICAL SECTION OF CANAL
Trapezoidal Earth Canal
Concrete Lined Canal
Vertical Canal Concrete Lined
CHB Lined
Sample Computation: Concrete Lined Canal
Given:
Q = 0.32 cms
n = 0.015
s = 0.0003
Ss = 1:1
Solution:
1. Try d
From the formula:

Qn = (r + 2)5/3
d8/3 S1/2 [r + 2 √1 + z2 ]2/3

where n = 0.015
s = slope of canal
Q = discharge
r =b=1
d
z = side slope = 1:1
By substitution:

Trial d=[ Q ] 3/8

[ 86.50 S1/2 ]

Try d=[ 0.32 ] 3/8 = [ 0.32 ] 3/8

[86.50 S1/2 ] [ 86.50 (0.0003)1/2]

= 0.56

2. b = d
b = 0.60 (rounded to the nearest tenth)
3. Compute for A (Area of canal)
A = d2 + bd
= (0.562) + (0.60)(0.56)
= 0.6496

Area of canal:

A =[ b + b + 2d ]d
[ 2 ]

= [ 2b + 2d ] d
[ 2 ]

A = bd + d2

Wetted Perimeter:
P = b + 2 √d2 + d2
= b + 2 √2d2 = b + 2(1.414d)
= b + 2.828d
4. Compute for P (wetted perimeter)
P = 2.828d + b
= 2.828(0.56) + 0.60
= 2.18368

5. Compute for R (Hydraulic radius)

R = A = 0.6496
P 2.18368
= 0.297
R2/3 = 0.4456
6. Compute for V (Velocity of Canal)
Using Manning’s Formula:

V = 1 R2/3 S1/2
n
= 1 (0.4456)(0.0003)1/2
0.015
= 0.51

Minimum velocity = 0.30

Maximum velocity = 2.00 m/s for concrete lined
= 1.00 m/s for Earth lined
7. Compute for Q (discharge)

Q = AV
= (0.51)(0.6496)
= 0.33 > 0.32
Try another value of d

1. Try d = 0.55

2. b = 0.60

3. A = d2 + bd = (0.552) + (0.55)(0.60)
= 0.6325

4. P = 2.828d + b = 2.828(0.55) + (0.60)

= 2.1554
5. R= A = 0.6325
P 2.1554

R = 0.293 R2/3 = 0.4413

6. V= 1 R 2/3 S ½ = 1 (0.4413) = 0.51

n 0.015

7. Q = AV = (0.6325)(0.51)
= 0.322 ≈ 0.32
f. Profile of Canal
Irrigation Diagram