Health Promoting

Behaviors-

NUTRITION
 A complete state of physical, mental, social and
HEALTH spiritual well-being apart from the absence of
disease or infirmity.

Health promotion is the process of enabling

people to increase control over, and to
improve, their health.
HEALTH To reach a state of complete physical,
PROMOTING mental and social well-being, an individual
or a group must be able to identify and to
BEHAVIOURS realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to
change or cope with the environment. the
behaviors that lead to health promotion are
called health promoting behaviors.
SOURCE: WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, 1986
 WHAT IS NUTRITION?

Nutrition is defined as the sum total of the processes

involved in the intake and utilization of food
substances by living organisms that includes ingestion,
digestion, absorption, transport and metabolism of
nutrients in food. [1]

Nutrition may be affected by a variety of psychological,

sociological and economic factors. [2]

SOURCE: 1. WILLIAMS, 2005 ; 2. AMERICAN DIETRY ASSOCIATION

THE 6 CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS ROLE OF THESE NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES 1. Provides energy for body metabolism

found mainly in carbohydrates and fats

FATS 2. Promote growth and development by

building and repairing body tissues.
NUTRIENTS

Protein helps in building muscles, soft

PROTIENS
tissues and enzymes and certain
minerals such as calcium and
VITAMINS phosphorus make up skeletal
framework.

MINERALS 3. Regulate metabolism or complex body

processes that are facilitated by
WATER vitamins, minerals and proteins.
SOURCE: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY BY MANIKA GHOSH

As per the 2003
report of who on
diet, nutrician and
the prevention of
chronic diseases, all
most all major
diseases have an
indirect to direct
link to nutrition…
SOURCE: WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, 2003
From nutrition deficiency diseases
like marasmus, kwashiorkor, scurvy,
rickets, goiter etc. To excess
nutrition disease like obesity to
improper nutrition diseases like
atherosclerosis or high cholesterol,
hypertension or high blood
pressure, diabetes to psychological
diseases like bulimia nervosa or
anorexia to extremely difficult to
cure cancer all result or are severely
influenced by nutrition.
 “LET FOOD BE THY MEDICINE
AND MEDICINE BE THY FOOD.”
- HIPPOCRATES

This is possible only by

maintaining a proper diet.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, a
regimen of food and drinks that an
individual takes on a habitual basis.

SOURCE: HIPPOCRATES ; OXFORD DICTIONARY

 WHY IS DIET AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF
INDIVIDUAL HEALTH?
Even though diet is just a part of a
person’s overall health, it is DIET IS THE
considered an important part ONLY PART
because it’s controllable. For THAT’S ON AN
example: for a healthier lifestyle, INDIVIDUAL’S
switching from trans-fat diets HAND WHEN
(which include fried foods and IT COMES TO
meats) to mono-fats (nuts and oils) NUTRITION.
is highly recommended by
dieticians.
 CONSTITUENTS OF A BALANCED DIET
• 5-8 Portions of fruits and
vegetables
• 2-3 portions of dairy
products
• 1-2 portion of high fat or
sugary foods
• 7-8 portions of starchy
carbs (bread, rice,
potatoes)
SOURCE: WHO, 2016
 Maintaining a change: adherence to a new
diet is high at first and then it falls over time.

PSYCHOLOGY Preference of short-term benefits in form of

taste satisfaction over long-term good health.
BEHIND WHY
PEOPLE FIND IT A lack of sense of self-management.
HARD TO MOVE
TO HEALTHIER Lack of awareness of the benefits of a
particular.
DIETS ->
Financial or time restrictions.
SOURCES: ANDERSON, WINNETT,
WOJCICK (2000) STEPTOE, DOHERRY, Biological basis: the so-called comfort food lead to
CAREY, RINK AND HILTON (2000) release of hormones which suppress the stress
hormones (cortisol).
CONSUMPTION OF JUNK FOOD ITEMS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
SOURCE: RESEARCH BY CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT, USA
 BMI: BODY MASS INDEX
(A way to measure healthy weight)

• Easy and relatively accurate

method of assessment of an
individual’s health.

• Bmi is calculated as weight in

kilograms divided by height in
metres squared. (Kg/m^2)

SOURCE: ADOLPHE QUETELET 1830-1850, ANCEL KEYS 1972

BMI AND OBESITY & MALNUTRITION

OBESITY- BMI>27.7 OBESITY- BMI>27.2

(MEN) (WOMEN)

MALNUTRITION- MALNUTRITION-
BMI<19.5 (MEN) BMI<19.2 (WOMEN)
 OBESITY

Obesity can be defined as an

excessive accumulation of body fat
hence, an even better measure of
obesity (other than BMI) is to
calculate the percentage of body
fat. More than 20% body fat for
men and 30% of body fat for
women, is considered obesity.

SOURCE: NHS DIRECT, 2011

 FACTORS LINKED TO OBESITY
1. GENETICS: Genes influence the quantity as well as the choice of an individual’s
food choice. Genes also influence the metabolic rate. Hence, the chances of
obesity rises in case of obese heredity. (Mueller et al, 1990)

2. Obesity depends both on NUMBER AND SIZE OF CELL. The number of fat cells in an
individual is determined by genetics and childhood eating habits. The larger the
number of cell, more obese the person is.

3. STRESS: We tend to overeat in times of stress as fatty foods produce

hormones which suppress cortisols, the stress hormone, temporarily.

SOURCE: NHS DIRECT, 2011

 TRENDS IN OBESITY

12% of Indian population is

obese even though it’s
much lower than other
western countries, it’s
growing over time.
(Khandelwal and Reddy,
2013)

SOURCE: THE LANCET

 MALNUTRITION
MALNUTRITION refers to
deficiencies, excesses or
imbalances in a person’s intake of
energy and/or nutrients. The term
malnutrition covers two broad
groups under it:
• Undernutrition- it includes stunted
growth, wasting and being underweight
• Micronutrition- it includes deficiency or
insufficiency of specific nutrients or
minerals

SOURCE: WHO, 2017

 MALNUTRITION STATISTICS (World)
• 462 million adults in the world are malnutrition
• 52 million children under 5 years of age are wasted, 17
million are severely wasted and 155 million are stunted
• Around 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of
age are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in
low- and middle-income countries.
• Most of the malnutrition accounted was specifically
marasmus and kwashiorkor.

SOURCE: WHO, 2018

MALNUTRITION
STATISTICS
(INDIA)
 ARTHEROSCLEROSIS- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

ATHEROSCLEROSIS -- HARDENING AND NARROWING OF

THE ARTERIES -- SILENTLY AND SLOWLY
BLOCKS ARTERIES, PUTTING BLOOD FLOW AT RISK.
IT’S THE USUAL CAUSE OF HEART ATTACKS, STROKES,
AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE -- WHAT TOGETHER
ARE CALLED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.
.

WHEN BAD CHOLESTEROL, OR LDL, CROSSES THE DAMAGED ENDOTHELIUM, THE CHOLESTEROL ENTERS
THE WALL OF THE ARTERY. THAT CAUSES YOUR WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO STREAM IN TO DIGEST THE LDL.
OVER YEARS, CHOLESTEROL AND CELLS BECOME PLAQUE IN THE WALL OF THE ARTERY.
PLAQUE CREATES A BUMP ON THE ARTERY WALL. AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS PROGRESSES, THAT BUMP GETS
BIGGER. WHEN IT GETS BIG ENOUGH, IT CAN CREATE A BLOCKAGE. THAT PROCESS GOES ON
THROUGHOUT YOUR ENTIRE BODY. AS A RESULT, NOT ONLY IS YOUR HEART AT RISK, BUT YOU ARE ALSO
AT RISK FOR STROKE AND OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS. THEREFORE A MONITORING OF THE INTAKE OF
VARIOUS CHOLESTEROL FOOD SOURCES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. SOURCE: US NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
 MAKE A SLIDE(s) ON GRAPHICAL TRENDS IN
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES OVER YEARS

SOURCE: American health association The Lancet(Global health)

 HYPERTENSION- HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
It is a long-term medical condition in which the blood
pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood
pressure typically does not cause symptoms. Long-term
high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for
coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial
fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic
kidney disease, and dementia.
Eating a diet that is rich in whole
grains, fruits, vegetables and low-fat
dairy products and skimps on
saturated fat and cholesterol can lower
your blood pressure by up to 11 mm hg
if you have high blood pressure. This
eating plan is known as the dietary
approaches to stop hypertension
(dash) diet.
SOURCE: WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
 MAKE A SLIDE(s) ON GRAPHICAL TRENDS IN
HYPERTENSION DISEASES OVER YEARS

SOURCE: World Health Organisation(2017)

 • Cancer refers to the group of
diseases involving abnormal cell
growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts
of the body. These contrast with
benign tumors, which do not
spread. Possible signs and
CANCER symptoms include a lump,
abnormal bleeding, prolonged
cough, unexplained weight loss,
and a change in bowel
movements. While these
symptoms may indicate cancer,
they can also have other
causes…
SOURCE:WHO, NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, MICHAEL S. DONALDSON
MORE ON CANCER
It has been estimated that 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by
lifestyle and dietary measures alone. Obesity, nutrient sparse foods such as
concentrated sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired
glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of
red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess
cancer risk. Intake of flax seed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant
portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Allium and cruciferous
vegetables are especially beneficial, with broccoli sprouts being the densest source
of sulforaphane. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include selenium,
folic acid, vitamin b-12, vitamin d, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the
carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic
acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously.
Supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics also has merit as
anticancer dietary measures. When a diet is compiled according to the guidelines
here it is likely that there would be at least a 60–70 percent decrease in breast,
colorectal, and prostate cancers, and even a 40–50 percent decrease in lung
cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be
conducive to preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.
 MAKE A SLIDE(s) ON GRAPHICAL TRENDS IN
CANCER OVER YEARS

SOURCE: World Health Organisation

 BULIMIA
NERVOSA

Patients with bulimia

nervosa binge eat
frequently, and during
these times sufferers
may eat an astounding
amount of food in a
short time, often
consuming thousands of
calories that are high in
sugars, carbohydrates
and fat.

SOURCE: RANNA PAREKH, AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION

 ANNOREXIA
NERVOSA

Individuals believe
they are fat even
when they are
dangerously thin, and
so restrict themselves
from eating,
sometimes to the
point of starvation.

SOURCE: RANNA PAREKH, AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION

 CHANGE IN NUTRITIONAL HABITS WITH TIME GRAPH

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT)

 MYTH BUSTERS WITH SOURCES RELATED TO NUTRITION

SOURCE: