Environmental

Environmental Controls
Controls I/IG
I/IG
Lecture 12
Cooling Loads
Cooling Degree Hours
Energy Performance Ratings
Annual Fuel Consumption
Cooling Loads
Computed for worst
case scenario:
 Late summer afternoon
at outdoor design dry
bulb temperature

Include:
 Insolation from sun
 Heat gain from people,
lights, and equipment
 Infiltration in residential
buildings
 Ventilation in
nonresidential buildings
SR-3
 Summer Design Conditions
Design Dry Bulb Temperature
Mean Daily Range

S: p. 1496, T.B1
 Determine Design Equivalent
Temperature Difference (DETD)
Construction type
Outdoor design temperature
Mean daily range

L: 0-16ºF
M: 16-25ºF
H: 25+ºF

S: p. 1613, T.F.5
Determine Envelope U-values
Calculate ΣR and then find U for walls
and roofs.

Note: this method ignores floors, doors,

and window U-values
 Determine DCLF
Glazing Type
Design Temperature
Shading
Orientation

S: p. 1615, T.5.6
 Determine Area Quantities
Perform area takeoffs for
all building envelope
surfaces on each facade:

gross wall area 1200 sf

100’
- window area 368 sf
- door area 64 sf
net wall area 768 sf
12’ 4’

4’

8’
Elevation
 Infiltration

S: p. 1617, T.F.7
 Ventilation Analysis
Non-residential buildings use ventilation to provide
fresh air and to offset infiltration effects.

ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 (S: p. 1598, T.E.25)

Estimates the number of people/1000 sf of usage type

Prescribes minimum ventilation/person for usage type
 ASHRAE 62-2001
Defines space occupancy and ventilation loads

S: p. 1598, T.E.25
 Ventilation—Sensible CLF

S: 1617, T.F.7
 People — Sensible Gain
Determine number of people
Activity level

S: p. 1617, T.F.8
 Lights

Determine wattage of lighting/square foot

 ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive levels
 Count fixture loads and add together

Note: add 15% for ballasts where applicable

(e.g., fluorescent lights)
 Equipment

Determine operating wattage of

equipment/square foot
 ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive levels
 Count actual loads and add together

Note: include a diversity factor (20-30%) if

specific usage patterns are unknown.
 Equipment
Use manufacturer’s data or other
references to obtain heat gain data.

Standby mode
 Copiers
 Monitors
 Printers
 CPU
 “energy star”

S: p. 1618, T.F.9
 Latent Load
Not calculated separately:

Apply a factor as a percentage of the total

sensible cooling load

Dry climates: 20%

Moist/Humid climates: 30%
 Cooling Load Example Problem
Building: Office Building
Location: Salt Lake City

Building: 200’ x 100’ (2 stories, 12’-6” each)

Uwall= 0.054 Btuh/sf-ºF

Uroof= 0.025 Btuh/sf-ºF
 Cooling Load Example Problem
Determine Building Envelope Areas (SF)

Building: 200’ x 100’ (2 stories, 12’-6” each)

N E S W
Gross Wall 5,000 2,500 5,000 2,500
Windows 1,000 500 2,000 500
Doors 20 20 50 20
Net Wall 3,980 1,980 2,950 1,980

Roof/Floor Slab 20,000

 Determine Design Equivalent
Temperature Difference (DETD)
Roof Construction type: Light color, vented, ceiling
Design temperature: 95ºF
Mean daily range: 32ºF

L: 0-16ºF
M: 16-25ºF
H: 25+ºF

DETD=31.0ºF

S: p. 1613, T.F.5
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

Insert roof values

SR-3
 Determine Design Equivalent
Temperature Difference (DETD)
Wall Construction type (see given)
Design temperature: 95ºF
Mean daily range: 32ºF

L: 0-16ºF
M: 16-25ºF
H: 25+ºF

DETD=11.3ºF

S: p. 1613, T.F.5
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
Insert roof values S
W
0.054
0.054
2,950
1,980
11.3
11.3
1,800
1,208 6,645

Insert wall values

SR-3
 Determine Window DCLF
Glazing Type
Design Temperature
Shading
Orientation

S: p.
1615,
T.F.6
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000
W 500 35 17,500
Insert glass values 89,000

SR-3
 ASHRAE 62-2001
Defines space occupancy and ventilation loads

S: p. 1598, T.E.25
 Ventilation Load — Sensible

40,000 sf x 5people/1,000sf = 200 people

200 people x 17 cfm/person = 3,400 cfm

 Ventilation Load — Sensible CLF

Design Temperature: 95ºF

Commercial Building: Ventilation

S: p. 1617, T.F.7
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000
W 500 35 17,500
Insert glass values 89,000

Insert outdoor air N/A N/A N/A

values 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800

SR-3
 People — Sensible Gain
Determine number of people: 280
Activity level: moderately active office work

S: p. 1617, T.F.8
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000
W 500 35 17,500
Insert glass values 89,000

Insert outdoor air N/A N/A N/A

values 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800

Insert people values 200 250 50,000

SR-3
 Lighting Load
Lighting load: 1.5 w/sf
Equipment load: 0.5 w/sf
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000

Insert glass values

W 500 35 17,500
89,000

Insert outdoor air N/A N/A N/A

values
3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800

Insert people values 200 250 50,000

40,000 1.5 204,780

Insert lighting values
40,000 0.5 68,260 323,040

Insert equipment values

SR-3
 Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500 2.5

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Sensible Heat Gain:

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645 1.1
508985 Btuh
N 1,000 14 14,000
E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000
Latent Heat Gain (20%): W 500 35 17,500
89,000 14.6
101,797 Btuh
N/A N/A N/A

Total Heat Gain: 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800 12.3

610,782Btuh
200 250 50,000
or
40,000 1.5 204,780
50.9 Tons
40,000 0.5 68,260 323,040 52.8

508,985 83.3
101,797 16.7
Tons=Q/12,000 610,782
50.9
100.0
SR-3
Cooling
Cooling Degree
Degree Hours
Hours
 Cooling Degree Hours
Relative indicator of warmth

S: p. 1496, T.B.1
 Cooling Degree Hours

Balance Point Temperature (BPT):

temperature above which cooling is needed

CDH(BPT)= ODBT-BPT

If temperature (ODBT)=91ºF

CDH74 =ODBT-74
=91-74
=17 cooling degree-hours
Energy
Energy Performance
Performance Ratings
Ratings
 Performance Ratings

COP: coefficient of performance

EER: energy efficiency at full load
SEER: seasonal energy efficiency ratio

Note: SEER≈COP x 3.413

Annual
Annual Fuel
Fuel Consumption
Consumption
 Annual Fuel Usage (E)

E= UA x CDH(BPT)
SEER

where:
UA: cooling load/ºF
CDH(BPT): degree hours for balance point
SEER: seasonal energy efficiency rating
 Calculating UA

QTotal= UA x ΔT

UA= QTotal/ΔT

From earlier example:

QTotal= Btuh
ΔT= 95-75=20ºF

UA=610782/20= 30,539 Btuh/ºF

 Annual Fuel Usage Example

Compare two systems to determine what

is the expected annual electrical usage for
an apartment in Salt Lake City if its peak
cooling load is 12,000 Btuh?

UA=Q/ΔT
UA=12,000/20= 600 Btuh/ºF
 Determine SEER
Obtain SEER from manufacturer’s data or
Convert COP to SEER

SEER: 5-15

For this example:

SEER1=6.8
SEER2=10.2
Annual Fuel Usage — Electricity

E= UA x CDH74
SEER
E1 =(600)(9,898)/(6.8)
=873,353 wh/yr
=873 kwh/yr

If electricity is $0.0735/kwh, then

annual cost = $64
Annual Fuel Usage — Electricity

E= UA x CDH74
SEER
E2 =(600)(9,898)/(10.2)
=582,235 wh/yr
=582 kwh/yr

If electricity is $0.0735/kwh, then

annual cost = $43
Simple
Simple Payback
Payback Analysis
Analysis
 Simple Payback

Cooling System Cost Comparison

First
Cost
($)

System 1 500
System 2 600
 Simple Payback

Cooling System Cost Comparison

First Annual Incremental Incremental Simple
Cost Fuel Cost First Cost Annual Savings Payback
($) ($/yr) ($) ($/yr) (yrs)

System 1 500 64 --- --- ---

System 2 600 43 100 21 4.8

Payback exceeds 3 years, select system 1

Other factors?