Wireless Wide Area Networks

3G/4G - mobile phones

Multiplexing
(collection of schemes to transmit multiple signals simultaneously)

 FDM - Frequency-Division Multiplexing - analog,

modulated to a fixed frequency band, channel.

 TDM - Time-Division Multiplexing - same frequency in

alternating time slices, each channel makes full use of
the bandwidth, GSM and D-AMPS use TDM

 CDM - Code-Division Multiplexing - makes better use

of frequency than FDM and TDM. Signals are
transmitted on the same frequency and same time,
but have a unique code to identify itself. CDMA use
CDM, of course.
Spread Spectrum
(signals in a wider band with low power density (power per frequency), appears as
background noise to others than the receiver. Used in CDMA and WLANs.)

 DSSS - direct-sequence spread spectrum - a chipping sequence

code (digital modulation) creates a chipping sequence (shorter
signals than original bits) that is modulated with a carrier signal
(radio modulation). 802.11b, CDMA uses DSSS.
 FHSS - frequency-hopping spectrum - first modulates to
narrowband signals, then a second modulation uses a hopping
sequence of frequency to send the radio signal. Bluetooth uses
FHSS.
 OFDM - orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing - uses
multiple subcarriers in parallel to transmit data. The subcarriers
are orthogonal in that they are modulated with their own data
independently. It is used in ADSL, 802.11a/g wireleess LANs, and
WiMax.
 DSSS and FHSS can be multiplexed by CDM.
Cellular generations
(from the point of view of using multiplexing and spread spectrum)

 First generation: FDMA (FDM Access), where each cell

supports a number of channels of equal bandwidth,
and each cellphone uses two channels (one up and
another down).
 Second generation in two groups:
 TDMA (TDM Access): GSM (Global System for Mobile) and D-
AMPS (IS-136). GSM is basically circuit-switching based, but
GPRS (general packet radio service) was added to support
data: SGSN (serving GPRS support node) and GSSN (gateway
GPRS support node).
 CDMA (CDM Access): CDMA comply with IS-95 (also known
as cdmaOne). Uses DSSS combined with CDM. Designed by
Qualcomm Inc, which holds IP over CDMA.
Cellular bands for AMPS (1G)
an analog cellular phone system using FDMA
AMPS reverse communication band
Second-generation cellular phone systems
D-AMPS
(IS-136, is a digital cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA)
GSM bands
(digital cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA)
GSM system
(each voice channel is digitized and compressed to a 13kbps digital signal)
GSM frame and frequency bands
IS-95 forward transmission
(digital cellular phone system using CDMA/DSSS and FDMA)
IS-95 reverse transmission
IMT-2000 radio interfaces (3G)

GSM

GPRS&EDGE

IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication)

GSM (3G)

 3G data rate requirements

 144 kbps at driving speed

 384 kbps outside stationary speed

 2Mbps for indoors speed

 GSM + GPRS + EDGE achieve 3G

 GPRS added to allow dynamic use of multiple

channels and speeds up to 115 kbps (2.5 G)

 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) added
to allow speeds up to 384 kbps
 GSM uses SIM (subscriber identity module) cards to
identify user, network, etc.
CDMA and GSM Evolution
 CDMA 2000
 Delivered 3G speeds (CDMA-MC)
 CDMA voice and LTE data (1XEV-DO)
 VoLTE in progress

 Verizon to end CDMA in 2021

 GSM after Edge

 UMTS (W-CDMA)
 LTE

 LTE uses SIM

 Gained over 802.16 WiMax and Qualcomm’s Ultra Mobile
Broadband.
 LTE co-exists with other standards, allowing in theory handoffs
between cells supporting LTE and cells supporting UMTS,
GSM/GPRS, 2G CDMA, CDMA-MC or 1XEV-DO
New generation: 4G

 Introduced around 2010

 Typical speed 3 Mbps to 5 Mbps: 10 times over 3G
 Designed to give at least 2 Mbps download speeds to
mobile customers
 Eventually, 100 Mbps to mobile users and 1 Gbps to
stationary users
 Designed to give at least 100 Mbps download speeds
to fixed customers
 Sufficient for high-definition video
 Runs over IP
 Wikipedia data rate comparison
4G Technologies

 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

 Based on 802.16 standard.
 WiMAX forum promotes it
 802.16m will eventually provide 100 Mbps to mobile users
and 1 Gbps to stationary users.
 Clearwire was a pioneer in its deployment
 Bought by Sprint that will shut down WiMax in 2015
 Long Term Evolution (LTE)
 The 4G technology that most cellular carriers have adopted.
 Provide 14 Megabits speeds
 LTE Advanced will provide 100 Mbps to mobile users and 1
Gbps to stationary users.
Differences between Wi-Fi and 3G
Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular
technologies
 3G and 4G Mobile Smartphones and tablets
 Often can connect directly to an 802.11 WLAN for service
 Typically faster speeds than cellular for data
 Cellular companies like offloading flat-fee subscribers to the
WLAN
 Some Smart Phones Can Act as 802.11 Access Points
 Several 802.11users can share its capacity.

ISP
802.11
Cellular
Carrier

3G or
4G 802.11
Mobile computing growth
Mobile computing technologies
Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System in 2013
(Thousands of Units)
Operating System 2013 Sales 2013 Market 2012 Sales 2012 Market
Share (%) Share (%)
Android 758,719.90 78.4 451,621.00 66.4
iOS 150,785.90 15.6 130,133.20 19.1
Microsoft 30,842.90 3.2 16,940.70 2.5
BlackBerry 18,605.90 1.9 34,210.30 5.0
Other OS 8,821.20 0.9 47,203.00 6.9
Total 967,775.80 100 680,108.20 100

Worldwide Tablet Sales to End Users by Operating System, 2013

(Units)
Operating 2013 Sales 2013 Market 2012 Sales 2012 Market
System Share (%) Share (%)
Android 120,961,445 61.9 53,341,250 45.8
iOS 70,400,159 36.0 61,465,632 52.8
Microsoft 4,031,802 2.1 1,162,435 1.0
Others 41,598 <0.1 379,000 0.3
Total 195,435,004 100 116,348,317 100

Source: Gartner (2014)

Mobile computing links (a few)
• My on-going series
• UB OTS Lab App
• Creating Android Apps
• Creating iOS Apps
• 16 essential Android apps for IT Professionals
• The 25 Best iPhone Apps from PC Magazine
• The 25 Best Android Apps from PC Magazine
• Engadget
• C|Net news
• Zdnet
• PC World