O p e r a t i ng Systems

L e c t u r e #2: Basic c o n c e p t s o f O / S
 Outline

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire
1 Lectures
Lectures

Computer systems

Concepts of O/S
2 Computer systems
Types of O/S

CPU structure

3 Concepts of O/S

4 Types of O/S

Operating Systems
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 Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures 3

Computer systems

Concepts of O/S Lecture

Types of O/S

CPU structure s

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 Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems 5

Concepts of O/S Computer

Types of O/S

CPU structure systems

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 O/S in computer systems

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMES
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems 6

Concepts of O/S
SYSTEMS PROGRAMMES
(Compilers, Assemblers, Linker etc.)
Types of O/S

CPU structure
USER INTERFACE

PROCESS MEMORY I/O FILE

MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT CONTROL MANAGEMENT

Software

Hardware

CPU MAIN I/O SECONDARY

MEMORY DEVICES STORAGE

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 O/S in computer systems

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin Hardware is the term used to describe all the physical
University of
Bedfordshire electronic and mechanical elements forming part of
Lectures
a computer system. Provides basic computing
Computer systems 7 resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices)
Concepts of O/S Software is the term used to describe the instructions or
Types of O/S
programs that the hardware needs in order to
CPU structure
function.
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the
hardware among the various application
programmes for various users
Applications programmes define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems
of the users (compilers, database systems, video
games, business programmes, etc.)
Users (people, machines, other computers)
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 O/S in computer systems

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems 8

Concepts of O/S
Types of O/S

CPU structure

Operating Systems
36
 O/S in computer systems

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems 9

Concepts of O/S Resource allocator manages and allocates resources

Types of O/S
Control programme controls the execution of user programs and
CPU structure
operations of I/O devices
Kernel the one programme running at all times (all else
being application programmes)

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 Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems

Concepts of O/S 10 Concepts of

Types of O/S

CPU structure O/S

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 Basic concepts ofO/S

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S ˆ O/S definition
David Goodwin ˆ O/S is a piece of software that controls every file, every
University of
Bedfordshire device, every section of main memory and every nanosecond
Lectures
processing time
Computer systems

Concepts of O/S 11 User interface

Types of O/S

CPU structure

Processor Memory
manager manager
Device File
manager manager

Figure : Model of an operating system showing four

sub-system managers supporting the user interface
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 Basic concepts ofO/S

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems
Memory manager is in charge of main memory (RAM) in terms
Concepts of O/S 12 of checking validity of each request for memory
Types of O/S space
CPU structure Processor manager keeps track of status of each process
Device manager monitors devices channels and contorl units and
decides the most efficient way to allocate the
devices
File manager keeps track of everyfile

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 Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems

Concepts of O/S Ty p e s o f
Types of O/S 13

CPU structure O/S

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 Types of O/S

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems
ˆ O/S classification
Concepts of O/S

Types of O/S 14
ˆ Single user
CPU structure
ˆ Multiple tasks
ˆ Batch systems
ˆ Real-time systems
ˆ Hybrid systems
ˆ Embedded systems

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 Single user O/S

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures

Computer systems

Concepts of O/S
ˆ Provides capability to perform tasks on the computer system
Types of O/S 15
such as writing programmes and documents, priniting and
CPU structure accessing files
ˆ Provides access to the computer system by a single user at a
time, e.g. typical home computers
ˆ Most Windows are single user operating systems

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 Multi-task O/S

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures ˆ A mutli-tasking operating system provides the ability to run

Computer systems more than one programme at a time, e.g. word processing,
Concepts of O/S printing a document, copying files to a flash memory stick.
Types of O/S 16 Each of the tasks the user is performing appears to be
CPU structure
running at the same time.
ˆ A multi-tasking operating system has the advantage of
letting the user run more than one task at a time so as to
increase productivity.
ˆ The disadvantage is that the more programmes that are run
by the user, the more memory that is required.

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 Multi-task O/S

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire ˆ Manage and run all user requests, ensuring they do not
Lectures interfere with each other, e.g. printer queue
Computer systems ˆ Allow more than one user to access the computer system at a
Concepts of O/S
time, normally via a network, e.g. Unix
Types of O/S 17

CPU structure
ˆ Much more complex single-user operating system

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 O/S utilities

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures
ˆ To manage the computer system, users, printers, files and
Computer systems
write programmes, the operating system is generally provided
Concepts of O/S
with a number of utility programmes. The utilities are used
Types of O/S 18
for:
CPU structure
ˆ Managing files and documents
ˆ Development of programmes and software
ˆ Communicating between people and with other computer
systems
ˆ Managing user requirements for programmes, storage space
and priority

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 O/S utilities

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire

Lectures ˆ The operating system provides each user with an interface

Computer systems that accepts, interprets and executes user commands or
Concepts of O/S programmes
Types of O/S 19
ˆ This interface is commonly called a SHELL or Command Line
CPU structure
Interpreter (CLI)
ˆ In some systems this might be a simple text mode line-by-line
entry using keywords (such as DOS or UNIX)
ˆ In other systems it might be highly graphical using windows
and pointing device such as a mouse (such as Windows)

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 Some O/S products

Lecture #1 Basic
concepts of O/S

David Goodwin
University of
Bedfordshire ˆ Typical operating systems include:
Lectures ˆ Unix/Linux
Computer systems ˆ Windows 3.x/9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7
Concepts of O/S ˆ Mac OS
Types of O/S 21 ˆ Windows Mobile
CPU structure ˆ Symbian
ˆ DOS
ˆ VMS

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