Multilingualism in National Education

Multilingualism in Indonesia
 Outline
• The existing language
Bugis letter
• Indonesian geographic
• Tribes, people, languages in
Indonesia
• Language mapping of Indonesia
• Language families of Indonesia
• Language status
• Government policy Sundanese letter
• Potentiality of Bahasa
Indonesia to be international
language Javanese letter
• Article review
 Languages in the world

• 6034 known living languages (Ethnologue, 2015)

• 7.106.865.254 people
 The existing languages

Jumlah bahasa

240
0.24 billion
2301
2138
4 billion
0.8 billion

286
1064 0.5 billion Asia
1.002 billion
Europe
America
Africa
Australia
www.ethnologue.com 2017
 Top ten languages used in the world
http://www.ethnologue.com

1000 1000

900
800 Mandarin
700 English
600 500 490 Hindi
500 390 Spain
400
270
260
Russia
300 210
190 Arabic
200 155
95
Bengali
100
Portuguese
0
Bahasa Indonesia
Javanese
 Ten countries with most existing languages
Tribunnews, 2017
Country Language Rank

900 839
Brazil
800
707 Australia
700
Cameroon
600 526

500 454 Mexico

422

400 China
281 289 300
245
300 229 US
200
India
100
Nigeria
0
Indonesia

Papua New Guinea

 Indonesia
1. How many tribes/ethnics are there?
2. How many islands are there?
3. How many people?
4. How many existing languages ?
5. How many local language users?
Indonesia

• There are 1340 tribes

• 17.508 islands (5.707
have name)
• 255 million (2016)
• 707 languages (2016)
 Language mapping
Population
Ethnic (million) % Areas

95,2 40,2
Javanese East Java, Central Java , Lampung

Sundanese 36,7 15,5 West Java

Melayu-
9,4 4,0
Indonesian Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi
Batak 8,5 3,5 North Sumatera
Maduranese 7,2 3,0 Madura Island
Betawi 6,8 2,88 Jakarta
Minangkabau 6,5 2,73 West Sumatera, Riau
Bugis 6,3 2,69 South Sulawesi
Aceh 5,0 2,4 Aceh
Banten 4,6 2,1 Banten
http://regional.kompas.com
 Island with the most languages
Province Languages Language name

271 Abinom, Aghu, Aikwakai, Silimo, Foau, Makleu, etc.

Papua
114 Banjar, Bajo, Bugis, Banggai, Bonerate, Lauje, etc.
Sulawesi
87 Kadai, Mangole, Sula, Buru, Amahai, Luhu, etc
Maluku

Nusa-Tenggara 80 Sasak, Bima, Ende, Lombok, etc.

Kalimantan 77 Iban, Dayak, Waringin, Sebuyau, Tawoyan, etc.

Sumatera 37 Batak, Minangkabau, Aceh, Gayo, etc

Javanese, Sundanese, Melayu-Indonesian,
20
Java Tengger, Osing, Madura, Kangean, etc.

http://regional.kompas.com
https://id.wikipedia.org
 Language mapping
1. One (National) language. Statutory national
language (1945, Constitution, Article 36). How
many islands are there?
2. Austronesian (1256), Malayo-Polynesian (1236),
Malayo-Chamic (55), Malayic (43), Malay (33)
 Language families
Family Example
Austronesian Rajong, Lamatuka , Barakai , Bima,etc
Malayo-Polynesian Javanese, Balinese, Sasak, Sumbawa,
Madurese, Sundanese, etc.
Malayo-Chamic Acehnese
Malayic Minangkabau ,Kandayan, Malayic-
Dayak
Malay Banjar, Bangka,

www.ethnologue.com, 2017
 Language status
Exist Nearly extinct Extinct
667 languages 28 languages 12 languages
Javanese, Sundanese, Amahai, Aputai, Hoti, Hukumina,
Maduranese, Balinese Burumakok, Hulung, Loun,
Duriankere, Kaibobo, Mapia, Loun,
etc. Moksela, Naka'ela,
Nila, Ternateno and
Ibu.

www.ethnologue.com, 2017
 Government policy
• Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009,
Tentang Bendera, Bahasa, dan Lambang Negara Serta
Lagu Kebangsaan
• Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 423.5/5/2010
tentang Kurikulum Mata Pelajaran Muatan Lokal (Bahasa
Jawa)
• Perda Nomor 5 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemeliharaan Bahasa,
Sastra, dan Aksara Daerah (Bandungmedia.com, Edisi 12
Februari 2012).
• Peraturan Daerah No. 3 Tahun 1992 tentang Bahasa, Aksara
dan Sastra Bali (Lembaran Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat l
Bali Tahun 1992 Nomor 385 Seri D Nomor 3799).
 Bahasa Indonesia goes international?

• Language system
(writing, sound,
Interlanguage gramatical, etc)

• The number of
language users
Extralanguage
• Language users’
attitude
• Cultural context
 Article review

One Land, One Nation, One Language: An Analysis

of Indonesia’s National Language Policy

By: Scott Paauw

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER WORKING PAPERS IN THE

LANGUAGE SCIENCES-VOL. 5, NO. 1 (SUMMER 2009)
 Outline

• Objective
• Background and Situation
• History
• Choosing a National
Language
• Language Planning
 Objective
• examining the history and socio-historical setting
of Indonesia’s national language planning.
Background and situation

Indonesia
 Choosing a National Language

• Exoglossic and endoglossic

• Why Bahasa Indonesia?
Three possible languages;
Colonial language (Dutch);
The language of the largest ethnic (Javanese); and
the historic lingua franca (Malay)
 Some considerations...
Dutch Javanese Malay
spoken by the educated Spoken by 47.8% population served as a lingua franca in
elite of Indonesia much of the archipelago
(5%)
a developed and a written language with a The strategic geographical
standardized modern rich literary tradition location of the Malay
language with an homeland
extensive literature and
texts
the language of the made up a significant in 1865 was designated
existing legal system and proportion of the educated the second official
government elite language of
administration administration, and press
as well
Dutch did not have the there are social registers in Malay was regarded as
same stature as other Javanese makes the easy to lean
colonial languages language difficult for
outsiders to learn
 National language
• Initiated by the First Congress of Indonesian Youth (1926),
and the future leaders of Indonesia discussed the national
language issue.

• The second youth congress (Youth Pledge) was proclaimed

 Youth pledge

We, the sons and daughters

of Indonesia, declare that
we belong to one nation,
Indonesia;
We, the sons and daughters
of Indonesia, declare that
we belong to one people,
the Indonesian people;
We, the sons and daughters
of Indonesia, vow to uphold
the nation’s language of
unity, Indonesian.
 Implication...
• a vehicle and symbol of the
movement for political
independence

• ethnically neutral

• encode in all utterances

distinctions in rank and
status
 The role of Indonesian language
• As unifying language
• Language of national identity
• Language of education, literacy, modernization,
and social mobility
 As unifying language

• “To own a national language entails the love for the

national language…Cultivation of our national
language… is moreover a part of our national building”
(Suharto, 1972)

• As the language of national identity, and also the

language of education, literacy, modernization and
social mobility
 Education and literacy

• the development of Indonesia’s educational system

and literacy influenced the spread of Indonesian as
a national language

• the language of instruction from primary school

through university throughout the nation

• mass media as an effective vehicle for promoting

knowledge and use of Indonesian language
 The role of vernacular languages
• Protected by the Indonesian constitution, which states
that Indonesian is the national language and that the
vernaculars are guaranteed their right to existence and
development.
• Vernaculars influenced the development of Indonesian
language (Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi)
The role of standard language (Garvin, 1974)

• To unify a larger speech community in spite of dialect

differences;
• to separate it from another language;
• to bestow prestige upon the speech community that
has been able to develop one
• to facilitate participation in world-wide cultural
developments
Standard language role (Garvin, 1974)
Language Indonesia Malaysia Philippines
function
Unifying √ X X
Separatist √ X X
Prestige √ √ √
Participatory X √ √
Matur suwun
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