EXOGENIC

PROCESSES
Prepared by: Ms. Carrien Joy Allesa
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES

• External processes
that occur at or near
the surface of Earth.
• Part of a rock cycle.
They are responsible
for transforming rock
into sediment.
 TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES

• Degradation
processes
(weathering, mass
wasting, erosion,
and transportation)
• Aggradation
(deposition)
 WEATHERING

• The physical breakdown and/or chemical

alteration of rocks at or near Earth’s
surface.
• A degradation process that does not
involve movement of materials.
TYPES OF WEATHERING
• Mechanical weathering
• Chemical Weathering
 MECHANICAL WEATHERING

• Or disintegration, is the breaking up of

large rocks into smaller fragments without
changing the rock’s mineral composition.
Ex. Frost wedging, insolation weathering,
unloading, and biological activity.
 FROST WEDGING

• Or frost weathering, occurs in the

region where temperature fluctuates
above and below freezing point.
 INSOLATION WEATHERING
• Or sometimes called thermal stress, results
from the expansion and contraction of rocks
caused by temperature change.
• Exfoliation- process where the outer surface of
the rock is often warmer or colder than the
inner portion, which may cause the peeling
away of outer layers.
 UNLOADING OR PRESSURE RELEASE

• Occurs when the

overlying rock is
eroded away, causing
the other rock to
expand more than the
rock below.
• Sheeting- continued
weathering causes
sheets of rocks to
break away.
 CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• Decomposes rocks through chemical
change.
 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• Oxidation
• Hydrolysis
• Carbonation
• Biological Action
 MASS WASTING

• The mass movement of rocks, soil, and

regolith (rock and mineral fragments from
weathering).
• The driving force of mass wasting is
gravity.
 TYPES OF MASS WASTING
1. Rock and Debris Falls- occurs when a
piece of rock or mass of rocks become
dislodged and makes free-fall along a steep
cliff.
• At the base of the cliff is an accumulation
of fallen materials called talus.
 TYPES OF MASS WASTING

2. Land Slides- sudden movement of

cohesive mass of soil, rock, or regolith.
They occur in two types:
• Translation Slides- movement of a mass
materials along a well-defined surface.
• Rotational Slides- or slumps occur when
the descending materials move in mass
along a concave, upward curved surface.
 TYPES OF MASS WASTING

3. Flows- may be slurry flows or granular

flows.
• Slurry flows- consist of a mixture of rocks
and/or regolith with 20%-40% water.
Considered as water saturrated.
• Granular flows- contain 0-20% water. Not
saturrated with water.
 SLURRY FLOWS
• Subdivided on the basis of velocity.
1. Solifluction
2. Debris flows
3. Mudflows
• GRANULAR FLOWS
1. Creep
2. Grain flows
3. Debris avalanche
4. Earthflows
TYPES OF MASS WASTING
 EROSION AND TRANSPORTATION

• Process of transporting weathered

sedimentary by agents of erosion to
different places.
 AGENTS OF EROSION
• Running water- is the
primary agent of erosion on
Earth.
Types of water erosion that
affect landforms:
1. Splash erosion
2. Sheet erosion
3. Gully erosion
4. Valley erosion
5. Bank erosion
6. Coastine erosion
7. Seaside cliff erosion
 AGENTS OF EROSION

Types of water erosion that affect landforms:

1. Splash erosion- raindrops cause tiny particles
of soil to be detached and move out.
2. Sheet erosion- rops break apart the soil
structure which moves down the slope as water
flows overland as sheets
 AGENTS OF EROSION
Types of water erosion
that affect landforms:
3. Gully erosion- after
heavy rain, water flows
narrow channels, eroding
gullies into great depth.
4. Valley erosion-
continues water flow
alongside land and move
downward, which
deepens a valley.
 AGENTS OF EROSION

• Types of water erosion that affect

landforms:
5. Bank erosion- continuous flows of water wears out
stones along the bank of streams and rivers.
6. Coastine erosion- waves from ocean and seas crash
againts the shore, pounding the rocks into pebbles and
reducing the pebbles to sand
7. Seaside cliff erosion- the battering of ocean waves
erodes seaside cliffs, forming hales that create caves.
 AGENTS OF EROSION
• Glaciers- is a thick large mass of ice formed
thousands of years. It is capable of great
erosion.
• Plucking- is the process wherein fractured
bedrocks are incorporated into the ice.
• Abrasion- happens when the ice and its load of
rock fragments slide over a bedrock.
 AGENTS OF EROSION

• Wind- carries dust, sand, and volcanic

ash from one place to another.
 TRANSPORTATION
• Solution- materials are carried along by
the water.
• Suspension- the suspended particles are
carried by air, water, or ice.
• Traction- particles move by rolling, sliding,
and shuffling along eroded surface.
• Saltation- particles move from the surface
to the medium in quick repeated cycles.
 DEPOSITION
• Is aggradation or accumulation of
weathered sediments to creat different
landforms.
•END!!!
 WATER AND LANDFORMS
• Alluvium- materials deposit of a stream.
• Deltas- are formed when river loses energy as it
flows in to an area of slow-moving water, such
as a lake or sea.
• Flocculation- when the river meets the sea, clay
particles coagulate and settle in the seabed.
 WATER AND LANDFORMS

• Alluvial fans- formed when a stream

reaches a flat area (called piedmont)
• Flood plain- is a flat wide expanse of
alluvium covering flat areas prone to
flooding.
• Leeves- formed by succesive floods over
many years.
WATER AND LANDFORMS
 GLACIERS AND LANDFORMS

• Glaciers, as they moved across the land,

pick up and transport huge load of debris.
 WIND AND LANDFORMS
• Considered a significant agent in creating
landforms.
Two types of windblown deposits:
1. Loess
2. Dunes
 LOESS

• Accumulated blanket of silt carried by wind

in suspension and deposited over broad
areas.
 SAND DUNES

• Deposits of coarse materials in the shape

of hills or ridges.
 ACTIVITY: Compare and contrast (3 pts. each.)

1. DEGRADATION AND AGGRADATION

2. WEATHERING AND EROSION

3. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL

WEATHERING
 ACTIVITY: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING (5 pts. each)

• WHAT CHEMICAL WEATHERING DO

YOU OBSERVE IN YOUR HOME AND
SCHOOL?

• DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS OF MASS

WASTING TO EARTH'S LANDSCAPE.
 ENUMERATION

• TYPES OF MASS WASTING (3)

• TYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING
(4)
• TYPES OF WATER EROSION(7)
• TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION(4)