COURSE CODE:101

ANATOMY
LECTURE NO 3
DR NOORAY AFZAL

Noor. Afzal@umt.edu.pk
 REVIEW

• Circulatory system

• Lymphatic system

• Membranes of body

• Joints

• Types of joints

• Cartilage
 INTRODUCTION
• Bone

• Function of bone

• Classification of bone

• Parts of developing long bone

• Blood supply

• Nerve supply

• Bone marrow

• Ossification

• X-rays
 BONE
• A living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of

stresses to which it is subjected

• Adult human body consist of 206 bones

• In a new born baby there are over 270 bones in body

• Branch deals with the study of bones is called osteology

 COMPOSITION OF BONE

Bone consist of

• Cells

• Fibers

• Matrix
 FUNCTIONS OF BONE
1. Characteristic form to the body – preservation of form

2. Support to human body – mechanical support

3. Protection to vital structures – skull, rib cage

4. Surface of attachments of various structures – tendons,

muscles and ligaments.

5. Activity of erythropoises – it is blood forming organ

6. Transmission of sound waves – ossicles of middle ear from ear drum to
middle ear
7. Stores Ca and phosphorus – storage organ
8. Maintain electrolyte balance – Ca and phosphate
9. Detoxification – lead, fluorine, arsenic, radium are removed from circulation
and deposited in bones and teeth
10. Reticuloendothelial system – defensive system of body
11. Respiration – assist ribs
12. Speech – mandible, hyoid bone, bones of palate.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONE

• Developmental classification

• Structural classification

• Regional classification

• Classification according to size and shape

 DEVELOPMENTAL CLASSIFICATION

• Intramembranous

• Intracartilaginous

• Membranocartilagenous
 INTRAMEMBRANOUS
• Embryonic mesenchyme directly differentiates into bony tissue

• It occurs in embryo, when bones are urgently required for support

and protection
Bones of vault and skull

Bones of face

Clavicle
 INTRACARTILAGENOUS

First of all cartilagenous model is formed of bone which later on

transforms into bony tissue

• All long bones except clavicle

• Short bones

• Irregular bones
 MEMBRANO-CARTILAGENOUS

• At the junction of vault and base of skull the bones are formed by this

method
 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

• Compact bone

• Spongy/ Cancellous bone

 COMPACT BONE
• Well developed Harversian lamellae or cylindrical lamellae are seen

• Appear as solid mass

• Lamellae consist of collagen fibers, lying in calcified materials

 COMPACT BONE

• Adjacent lamellae are held together by interchange of fibers

• Bones cells lie scattered between the lamellae

• E.g., shafts of long bone

 SPONGY BONE

• The lamellae are arranged flat

• No harversian system are seen

• E.g., ends of long bone

 REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION

• Axial skeleton: 80 bones

• Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE AND SHAPE
There are five types of bones in the human body
• Long bones:
Found in limbs
Their length is greater then their breath
Have shaft-diaphysis and ends called as epiphysis
• Short bones:
found in hand and foot
They are roughly cuboidal in shape and are composed of cancellous bone.
• Flat bones are thin and generally curved, composed of thin inner and outer layers
of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone. e.g. skull bones.

• Sesamoid bones are small nodules of bone found in certain tendons where they
rub over bony surfaces. e.g. the patella

• Irregular bones do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of
compact bone surrounding a cancellous interior. e.g. skull, vertebrae and pelvic
bones
 PARTS OF DEVELOPING LONG BONE

There are 4 main parts of developing long bone:

• Diaphysis

• Epiphysis

• Epiphyseal cartilage

• Metaphysis
 DIAPHYSIS

• It resemble the shaft of long bone

• Its ossification center appears in 7th week of intrauterine life

• Ossification center is primary ossification center

 EPIPHYSIS

• It resemble the ends of long bone

• Ossification center usually appears after birth at the age of one or

two years

• Except the lower end of femur

 EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE

• It is the plate of cartilaginous tissue present between epiphysis and

diaphysis

• It is represented by epiphyseal line in adult bone

 METAPHYSIS

• The actively growing part of shaft close to epiphyseal cartilage is

metaphysis

• It is highly vascular

• It is responsible for growth in length

 BLOOD SUPPLY OF LONG BONE

• Periosteal arteries

• Nutrient arteries

• Epiphyseal arteries

• Arteries at the end of long bone - periartecular anastomosis

• From the artery passing over that region

 NERVE SUPPLY OF LONG BONE

• All bones are supplied by nerves

• They enter the bone through nutrient foramen and periosteum

 NUTRIENT FORAMEN

• The nutrient foramen has direction against the growing end

• Towards the elbow we go; from the knee we flee e.g.,

• In humerus the nutrient foramen is directed towards the elbow and

upper end of bone is the growing end

 BONE MARROW

The marrow cavity is lined by endosteum and contains gelatinous

material called bone marrow

Two types of bone marrow:

• Yellow bone marrow

• Red bone marrow

 YELLOW BONE MARROW

• It is yellowish gelatinous fibro-fatty mass present in medullary cavity

 RED BONE MARROW
It is red gelatinous mass consisting of haemopoietic tissue
It is engaged in erythropoiesis
It is found in:
• Ends of long bone
• Bodies of vertebrae
• Sternum
• Flat bones of skull
 OSSIFICATION

The process of bone formation is called as ossification

• Intramembranous ossification

• Intracartilagenous ossification
 INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
• Embryonic mesenchyme directly differentiate into bony tissue.
• E.g.,
 INTRACARTILAGENOUS OSSIFICATION

• Cartilagenous model of bone is formed that is later on replaced by

bony tissue

• E.g.,
 CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION

• Primary center – appear during fetal life

• Secondary center – appear after birth

 FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH

• Minerals – Ca, P etc

• Hormones – PTH, Calcitonin, Growth hormone

• Vitamins – Vit D, Vit C

 RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

• X-rays

• CT

• CAT

• MRI
 X-RAYS

A tissue that is relatively dense absorbs more x-rays than tissues that

are less dense.

• Radiopaque – very dense tissue.

• Radiolucent – less dense tissue.

 SUMMARY
• Bone

• Function of bone

• Classification of bone

• Parts of developing long bone

• Blood supply

• Nerve supply

• Bone marrow

• Ossification

• X-rays
 QUESTION

1. How many bones are present in adult human body?

a. 205

b. 206

c. 270

d. 260
 QUESTION

1. How many bones are present in adult human body?

a. 205

b. 206

c. 270

d. 260
 QUESTION

2. Red bone marrow is present in?

a. Vertebrae

b. Sternum

c. Ends of long bones

d. All of above
 QUESTION

2. Red bone marrow is present in?

a. Vertebrae

b. Sternum

c. Ends of long bones

d. All of above
 QUESTION

3. There are how many parts of developing long bone?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6
 QUESTION

3. There are how many parts of developing long bone?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6
 QUESTION

4. Diaphysis is referred as?

a. Ends of bone

b. Shaft of bone

c. Developing end of bone

d. Both b and c
 QUESTION

4. Diaphysis is referred as?

a. Ends of bone

b. Shaft of bone

c. Developing end of bone

d. Both b and c
 QUESTION

5. Haversian system is seen in which type of bone?

a. Spongy bone

b. Periosteum

c. Compact bone

d. Endosteum
 QUESTION

5. Haversian system is seen in which type of bone?

a. Spongy bone

b. Periosteum

c. Compact bone

d. Endosteum