Lesson 5:

Enzymes

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Competencies

1. describe the components of an

enzyme – (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)
2. determine how factors such as pH,
temperature, and substrate affect
enzyme activity- (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ii-j-
19)

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Youtube Clip: Fun Facts About Enzyme

Guide Questions:
1. What are enzymes?
2. What functions of enzymes in our
body?
3. What are the types of enzymes?
4. How does enzyme work?

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 What Are Enzymes?
• Most enzymes are
Proteins (tertiary
and quaternary
structures)
• Act as Catalyst to
accelerates a
reaction
• Not permanently
changed in the
process

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 Enzymes
• Are specific for
what they will
catalyze
• Are Reusable
• End in –ase
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase

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How do enzymes Work?
Enzymes work by
weakening
bonds which
lowers
activation
energy

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 Enzymes

Without Enzyme
With Enzyme

Free Free energy of activation

Energy
Reactants

Products

Progress of the reaction

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 Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The substance
(reactant) an
enzyme acts on
is the substrate

Joins
Substrate Enzyme

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 Active Site
• A restricted region of an enzyme
molecule which binds to the substrate.
Active
Site

Substrate
Enzyme

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 Induced Fit
• A change in the
shape of an
enzyme’s active
site
• Induced by the
substrate

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 Induced Fit
• A change in the configuration of an
enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic
bonds are involved).
• Induced by the substrate.

Active Site
substrate
Enzyme

induced fit

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What Affects Enzyme Activity?

• Three factors:
1. Environmental Conditions

2. Cofactors and Coenzymes

3. Enzyme Inhibitors

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 1. Environmental Conditions
1. Extreme Temperature are the most
dangerous
- high temps may denature (unfold)
the enzyme.

2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near

neutral)
3. Ionic concentration (salt ions)

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 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes
• Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and
vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need
for proper enzymatic activity.

• Example:
Iron must be present in the quaternary
structure - hemoglobin in order for it to
pick up oxygen.

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 Two examples of Enzyme
Inhibitors
a. Competitive inhibitors: are
chemicals that resemble an
enzyme’s normal substrate and
compete with it for the active
site.
Substrate
Enzyme
Competitive inhibitor

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 Inhibitors
b. Noncompetitive inhibitors:
Inhibitors that do not enter the
active site, but bind to another part
of the enzyme causing the enzyme to
change its shape, which in turn
alters the active site.
Substrate Noncompetitive
Enzyme Inhibitor
active site
altered
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Enzymes are used all over your body!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Major_digestive_enzymes.png/750px-Major_digestive_enzymes.png

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College
METABOLIC ENZYMES
1.Oxidases: These oxidase substances to alcohols
or ketones etc.
2.Hydrolases: These breakdown materials by the
addition of water.
3.Reductases: These add hydrogen to substrates
in the reaction.
4.Lyases: The enzymes which are involved in
breaking of molecules without hydrolysis or
oxidation.
5.Ligases: Enzymes which brings in a bonding of
two or more molecules.

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6. Isomerases: These enzymes convert the same
molecule from one form to another and vice versa.
7. Glucuronidase: This is the key enzyme which
adds glucuronic acid to the non-water soluble
substances and converts them to water-soluble
forms to be excreted in urine.
8. Transaminases: These are the enzymes
involved in the addition or removal of amino acids.
9. Glycogen synthase: This is the enzyme which
synthesizes glycogen from glucose to store in the
liver.
10. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase: This enzyme
bind amino-acid to tRNA.

11. Lactate dehydrogenase: Enzymes which

converts lactate to pyruvic acid. 21
Liver enzymes: Liver is an organ of metabolism in
the body. It detoxifies almost any substance and
helps in expulsion from body through urine. There
are many enzymes in liver and few of the
important includes:

1. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

(SGOT) also called as aspartate aminotransferase
(AST).

2. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase

(SGPT) also called as Alanine transaminase (ALT).
Both the enzymes catalyze amino-acids.
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Special enzymes in body
1.Urokinase: Helps to breakdown clots in the body.
2.Hyaluronidase: An enzyme secreted by sperm
when released into female reproductive tract. This
enzyme helps pierce through ova wall and merge with
ova.
3.DNA topoisomerase-II: The enzyme which
catalyses cutting (nicking) and sealing function on
DNA..

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4. DNA dependent RNA polymerase: An enzyme
which helps in formation of mRNA.
5. Endonucleases: These are the enzymes which
helps in cutting DNA strands. Restriction
endonucleases are the type which cut DNA
strands at one specific site. These are highly
used in genetic engineering.
6. Cyclo-oxygenase Enzyme: These enzymes are
of two types as COX-1 and COX-II. They
regulate synthesis of prostaglanding which are
involved in inflammation and gastric mucus
production

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enzymes in other animals:

1.Hirudin: An enzyme from leech saliva which keep

blood flowing without being clotted from the host
body. This helps leech suck as much blood as it
needs. Hence leech therapy uses them to minimize
pain of varicose veins by sucking accumulated blood.
2.Autolysin: Enzyme in some bacteria which can
auto destroy the cell producing it.
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Enzymes in snake poison: Snake venom is deadly and more
than 80% of its solid matter is composed of enzymes.

a) Phospholipase A2: It is the most common enzyme in snake

venom and it damages mitochondria, blood cells, nerve
endings, skeletal muscles etc.

b) DNAase: Can damage DNA of the victim.

c) Zinc metalloproteinase haemorrhagins: This causes

bleeding after snake bite.

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 Application:

Sketch an enzyme

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