AMPLIFIER OPERATION Vendetta

TRANSISTOR AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

AMPLIFIER OPERATION
- Biasing a transistor is purely DC operation.
- It establishes the Q-point about which the AC voltage and current can change
corresponding to an AC input signal.
- These changes in AC voltage and current seen at the output constitute the amplifier
operation.
- When the voltages being handled are small then the amplifier is referred to as
small-signal amplifier.
AC QUANTITIES
The difference between the symbols used for DC and AC quantities is that subscript
of DC quantities have capital letters while the AC quantities have small letters.
 AC QUANTITIES (CONT.)

- AC quantities may be represented in rms, average,

peak, peak to peak. rms values will be used unless
otherwise stated.
- ac instantaneous quantities are represented by small
letters with Lowercase small italic subscripts like ic, ie, ib,
vc, and vce .
- Resistance is also identified with a small letter of small
subscript when analyzed from an ac standpoint.
THE LINEAR AMPLIFIER
- Linear amplifier provides amplification of a signal without any distortion (that is
there is no clipping from positive or negative half cycles).
- The output signal of an amplifier has the exact shape as input signal.
- The output signal of an amplifies has same frequency as the input signal.
THE LINEAR AMPLIFIER (CONT.)
THE LINEAR AMPLIFIER (CONT.)
The circuit works in the following manner:
o The AC input signal Vs changes the DC base voltage above and below its DC level VBQ.
o This voltage change is shown in Figure as Vb.
o This changes the DC base current above and below its DC level IBQ.
o This current change is shown in Figure as Ib.
o This change in IBQ produces a large change in ICQ because of the transistor current gain .
o The increase in ICQ decreases the collector voltage VC which in turns decreases the collector
emitter voltage VCEQ.
o As shown in Figure, increase in the base voltage Vb corresponds to decrease in the collector
emitter voltage Vce. Therefore the output of this amplifier is 180 out of phase with the input
voltage.
TRANSISTOR AC MODELS
- An AC transistor model represents the transistor operation in terms of its internal
parameters.
- This section describes these parameters based on resistance and hybrid parameters.
- Following is brief description of the AC parameters discussed.
R-PARAMETERS
There are 5 parameters commonly used in BJT
R-PARAMETER TRANSISTOR MODEL
DETERMINING BY A FORMULA
For the simplified r-parameter, we have only to be considered. can be
derived assuming an abrupt p-n junctions.

The numerator will be slightly larger for higher temperatures

Example: Determine the of a transistor that is operating with a dc emitter current
of 2 mA.
COMPARISON OF TO
- The graph of IC vs. IB is nonlinear (curve, not line).
- If the base current changes by amount , then the collector current will change by amount .
- The ratio of these two quantities is different at every point on the curve due to the
nonlinear curve and may differ from the ratio at the Q-point.
H-PARAMETER AND ITS RELATION WITH
R-PARAMETER
- The manufacturer's datasheet typically specifies (hybrid) parameters.
- The most commonly used parameters are
- Common Emitter Forward Current Gain
- Common Base Forward Current Gain
THE END Any Question?